Design of Oil Storage Tanks

Design of Oil Storage TanksOil Storage Tanks1-IntroductionStorage tank cars containing organic liquids, non organic liquids, vapors and gases ar ingestiond in many a(prenominal) industries. Most such tanks are designed and built in accordance with Ameri end Petroleum Institute API-650 specifications (1). These tanks can range in size from 2m to 60m diam or more and are regularly situated in containment basins so that spills will be contained if the tank ruptures. Storage tanks are commonly utilize in industries involving petroleum resultion and refining, chemical and petrochemical manufacturing, bulk storage and transfer, and a variety of other industries consuming or producing liquids and vaporizations.1.1-Types of storage tankThere are basically there are eight types of liquid storage tanks, viz(i)Fixed-Roof tanks(ii)External floating- detonator tanks(iii)Internal floating-roof tanks(iv)Domed external floating-roof tanks(v)Horizontal tanks(vi)Pressure tanks(vii)Vari comp etent vaporization-space tanks(viii)Liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanksThe first four types of tank are cylindrical in fabricate with the central axis which is perpendicular to the ground. Such tanks are almost always employed above ground level. Horizontal trunks can be employed both below and above ground level. Pressure tanks are located above ground and are usually spherically shaped to provide the utmost strength to withstand high internal impels. Variable vapour-space tanks can be spherical or cylindrical.A containment basin made of brick or concrete is unremarkably built around tanks with a lining impervious to the stored material in order to contain spills that could cause fire, property damage or environmental contamination. The depicted object of the basin should be at least equal to that of the largest tank plus ten percent of the sum of the capacities of others.Fixed Roof TanksFixed roof tanks are common in production facilities where it is required to store hydrocar bons with vapour pressures close to atmospheric pressure. A fixed-roof tank typically consists of a cylindrical steel bewilder with a dome-shaped or cone-shaped roof that is permanently fixed to the tank drum. Umbrella roofs are also common. Fixed roof tanks are used for storing in truth high flash-point liquids (e.g. fuel oil, pissing, bitumen etc.). They are generally fully welded and are now designed to be liquid and vapour tight, while older tanks with a riveted or bolted turn are not vapour tight.Fixed roof tanks are generally insulated to pre vent-hole the risk of clogging for some materials, heating coming via steam coils inside the tanks. Dome roofs are used for tanks with a storage pressure slightly higher than atmospheric. trope 1. A Tank Farm showing a number of Fixed roof tanksFig. 2. Typical domed fixed-roof tankFig. 3 Umbrella fixed-roof tankThe commonest fixed-roof design has a shallow cone roof with a single centre column and internal (or external) framing to p rovide support for the roof plates. This involves having rafters and girders pressed to the roof radius. Cone roofs are generally supported from the shell using trusses or rafters. For large cone-roof tanks columns and girders can be used to support the roof plates and rafters.Intermediate columns are used where the diameter is more than 37m. Designs may involve a frangible roof joint (i.e. able to break into fragments when over-stressed) for added protection against a sudden increase in internal pressure. For this the design pressure trammel is equivalent to the pressure of the total weight of the roof plates including structural rafters. If the storage pressures are going to exceed the capabilities of a cone-roof tant, then other fixed-roof designs such as the self-supporting dome roof or umbrella roof can be used. API Standard 650, (Appendix F) (1) designs permit internal pressures of up to 2.5 psig, depending on the tank diameter. For bunk pressures of more than 2.5 psig, AP I Standard 620, (Design and Construction of Large, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks) (2) has design procedures for internal pressures of up to 15 psig.Because of environmental concerns and to cut down on vapour losses designs tend to include internal floating decks in fixed roof tanks both at the time of construction or later as a retrofit (Fig 3). This has the advantages of both fixed and floating roof design.Fig. 3. Domed fixed-roof tank with inner floating roofand showing roof supportsEmissions from fixed roof tanks vary depending on vessel capacity, utilization rate of the tank, vapour pressure of the stored liquid and the local atmospheric conditions. Losses of the stored product from evaporation can be large in fixed roof tanks particularly for crude oil where vapours are released done the pressure vent valve. Losses are classed either as Breathing Losses or as Working Losses. Breathing losses occur when vapour expansion and contraction caused by changes in temperature and atmosp heric pressure lead to the expulsion of vapor. This loss happens without any change to the liquid level in the tank. Working losses happen when the liquid level in the tank is increased. Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or have a pressure/vacuum vent that allows the tank to operate at a slight internal vacuum or pressure. This stops the release of vapours when there are very small changes in pressure, temperature or to the liquid level. It is also possible to make tanks that are inert when there is a slightly positive gas pressure. Such tanks should have pressure-vacuum valves and when in use be purged with natural gas to remove air from the vapour space.Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of fixed-roof storage tanks (5)2.1Gauge HatchesFixed-roof tanks should have a gauge hatch in the roof which allows it to be opened quickly. This allows the operator rapid access to gauge the tank. Gauging comprisedmeasuring the volume of liquid in the tankfinding out i f water is present and, if so, measuring the height of the oil/water boundarysampling the material in the tank.determining the temperature of the liquid in the tank.The gauge hatch can be weighted so that it will work as a backup pressure or pressure-vacuum relief device to complement the primary pressure-vacuum valve.Fig 3 Typical gauge hatchStandards for the manual gauging of petroleum and its products are contained in the API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (3).2.2Filling or pumping operationsRoutine tank filling and pumping will affect the vapour space in a fixed-roof tank. Removing product from the tank draws air into the vapour space, creating a hazard. During the holding period forward to refilling the tank, evaporative breathing losses are increased because of the larger volume of the vapor space. Adding product to the tank, increasing the volume of liquid, displaces the the mixture of air and product vapour via the tank vent, causing significant evaporative emis sions.2.3Gas blanketing systemsIf the vapour pressure of the product in the tank is low (below 10kPa), it is safe practice to use a freely ventilated fixed-roof tank. For production tanks or other applications where the vapour pressure of the incoming liquid is usually higher than atmospheric pressure at usual ambient temperatures, a gas blanketing system is chooseed to maintain positive tank pressure and minimise the risk of air being sucked into the tank vapour space. At times when there is no inflow of product, the tank breathing process could, by itself, lead to air being drawn into the tank through the pressure-vacuum valve, forming a potentially explosive mixture.A gas blanketing system needs a supply of natural gas and a pressure regulator that plant to keep the tank pressure at the desired level. When the ambient temperatures increase causing the pressure inside the tank rise, the regulator closes. If pressure continues to rise, thepressure vent opens to relieve the intern al pressure in the tank by venting vapours (blanket gas plus product vapour) to the atmosphere or to some vapour recovery process. A vacuum relief valve must still be used to protect the tank against a vacuum forming if the gas blanketing system should fail.2.4Fire imageOut breathing, caused by exposure to fire, may exceed the design venting rate based on normal operating conditions. If that happens, the tanks construction details determine whether additional venting is needed.On fixed-roof tanks, where the roof-shell attachment is constructed according to API Standard 650 (1), the roof-to-shell joint may be considered frangible, so that excessive internal pressure may cause it to fail before failure occurs in either the tank-shell joints or in the shell-to-bottom joint. In tanks built in this way, there is no need for addition emergency venting systems, as long as the tank is well away from other equipment and the loss of the roof in an emergency is acceptable.On tanks that do not have frangible joints, design procedures are given in API Standard 2000 (4) for calculating the necessary venting capacity for fire exposure.2.5Containment basinFixed roof tanks are constructed insida a containment basin made of brick or concrete and with a lining that should be impervious to the liquid being stored to delay spills that can cause fire, property damage or environmental contamination. The minimum capacity of the basin should equal the capacity of the largest tank plus 10% of the have total capacity of any others. To contain a spill or to prevent some other emergency the basin walls must be able to withstand high pressures and also be resistant to the stored product. The basin drain valve is put into the outer side of the containment basin and must normally be unbroken closed to prevent possible leakage of any contaminant into the environment.