Saturday, August 31, 2019

Authoritarian Methods of Control in Brave New World & V for Vendetta Essay

People should not be afraid of their government. Governments should be afraid of their people. The right to rule. What gives someone such a power you ask? Well there is a variety of different factors and qualities one must have such as strength and leadership but there is a single item that all need and that is control. Without the obedience and submission of the people governments will fail. The film â€Å"V for Vendetta† and the novel â€Å"Brave New World† both comment on the issue of misuse of technology and the control of the people. V for Vendetta is the 2006 film adaptation by the Wachowski’s of the comic book of the same name created by Alan Moore. It is set in a futuristic dystopian world in which Britain is ruled by a totalitarian-fascist party, and follows the events triggered by a masked shadowy revolutionary known only as the letter V. Brave New World is Aldous Huxley’s controversial masterpiece, published in 1932 and is about a futuristic-dys topian world where the government has outlawed free-speech and individuality and uses psychological conditioning to control the people. Now let me refocus on the theme at hand: control. The Norsefire party in V for Vendetta rises to power by offering the solution after a string of biological attacks on various establishments: a school, water plant and an underground train station. The fear inspired by these attacks was what made people give them the power to rule. The Wachowski’s have compared and likened the Norsefire party to the Nazi’s the world’s most famous fascist regime. The symbol of the Norsefire uses the same colours and a similar symbol to that of the traditional swastika. The Norsefire also had a similar rise to power as the Hitler regime. First Chancellor Sattler was seen as the saviour before revealing his true colours as a villain â€Å"fear became the tool of this government†. The Norsefire also engaged in genocide of homosexuals, Muslims, and ethnics. Rather than concentration camps those captured were placed in detention centres with the aim of testing biochemical and vir uses. The Norsefire government represents what V is rebelling against and that is oppression and the abuse of power. Similarly in Brave New World, the World State is built upon from the devastation of the Nine Year War, fear and confusion were the aid of both these governments and let them create and enforce their ideals. Both governments have destroyed and banned any material that goes against party policy. Brave New World has taken this to the extreme with all literature and arts having been destroyed since the  beginning of the World State. The tool of control used by the World State is science, children are born from laboratories and are conditioned, and their lives are predetermined to create a unified machine. The motto of the World State accurately reflects this ideology â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability†; it calls for each class to identify within their ranking and to support the community with the aim of achieving stability. Characters like John and Valorie rebel and detest the notion of conformity. John wishes to experience the world as it truly was meant to be â€Å"But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.† He hates the protected and sheltered state of the people of the world state and their dependency on soma. â€Å"Valorie is proud of being a lesbian and was captured because of it throughout her time at the detention centre she continues to fight whilst trying to stay true to herself and her identity. She leaves a note which becomes a source of inspiration for both V and Evey as she says â€Å"it was my integrity that was important†¦we must never lose it, or sell it, or give it away. We must never let them take it from us†. By using the number of his room at the Larkhill detention centre V becomes a living symbol of Norsefire’s genocide and a motive for his vendetta beyond V’s rebellious goals, he also wishes to remind the people of Valerie’s message a bout their identity, their integrity and that they have the freedom to be themselves, no matter what anyone tells them they can or can’t be.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Business Ethics-Written Assignment for Module 2 Essay

1. Shaw and Barry distinguish two different forms of utilitarianism. What are these two forms. Briefly describe each and use examples. Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism are the two different forms of utilitarianism that Shaw and Barry distinguish. Utilitarianism refers to the greatest happiness principle for the most amounts of people. Act utilitarianism â€Å"states that we must ask ourselves what the consequences of a particular act in a particular situation will be for all those affected. If its consequences bring more net good than those of any alternative course of action, then this action is the right one and the one we should perform† (Shaw and Barry, pg.60). I look at this as to mean when choosing between two alternative acts in a situation then the right act is the one that brings the best result or the most happiness, basically the consequences of a single act. Rule utilitarianism â€Å"maintains that the utilitarian standard should be applied not to individual actions but to moral codes as a whole. The principles that make up that code would then be the basis for distinguishing right actions from wrong actions† (Shaw and Barry, pg.77). I look at this to me at measuring the consequences of the act repeated over and over again as if it was a rule whenever there are similar situations. 2. What do economists mean by the â€Å"declining marginal utility of money†? Declining marginal utility of money stated by Shaw and Barry as â€Å"simply means that successive additions to one’s income produce, on average, less happiness or welfare that did earlier additions† (Shaw and Barry, pg.112). I look at this as with every additional dollar or good, the value and happiness declines, the additional dollar or good loses its initial feeling or worth compared to the previous additions. A good example would be someone would really enjoy a piece of chocolate cake, and if offered a second piece they may agree that they would still enjoy it, but not as much as the first piece, and finally given a third piece of chocolate cake, they would be so full from the first two pieces then they wouldn’t be as happy since eating the first piece of chocolate cake. So for every extra piece of chocolate cake there would be less happiness from the previous piece. 3. Robert Nozick presents his entitlement theory as a function of three basic principles. What are these three basic principles? Nozick’s entitlement theory is a theory of justice and how society regulates the distribution of goods, money and property. â€Å"All that matters for Noziak is how people came to have what they have, not the pattern or results of the distribution of goods.† (Shaw and Barry, pg.115) His entitlement theory comprises of three main principles which were: 1. A principle of justice in acquisition – This principle deals with the initial acquisition of holdings. It is an account of how people first come to own common property, what types of things can be held, and so forth. 2. A principle of justice in transfer – This principle explains how one person can acquire holdings from another, including voluntary exchange and gifts. 3. A principle of rectification of injustice – how to deal with holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred, whether and how much victims can be compensated, how to deal with long past transgressions or injustices done by a government, and so on. What is principle of justice in acquisition? Our book gives us an analogy concerning basketball player, Wilt Chamberlain that was used by Nozick. The idea behind this is that Wilt Chamberlain was a very talent basketball player and people were willing to pay a certain amount of money to see him play. In Wilt Chamberlain’s contact it stated that he would get X amount for each ticket purchased, due to his talent of playing basketball. Over the course of the year he is entitled to a portion of the tickets sold. Wilt Chamberlain become very wealthy as a result of the amount of tickets sold and his contact with the team he played for since his contact stated he get X amount for each ticket purchased. He has every right to become wealthy and acquire money as a result of the free choice of people voluntarily purchasing the basketball tickets to see him play. This is an example of how the money exchanged was rightfully acquired. What is principle of justice in transfer? A good example of justice of transfer would be if a landowner justly owns twenty acres of property and he freely sells ten acres to his neighbor for a specific amount of money. This would be justice of transfer since the landlord is willing to sell the property and his neighbor is willing to purchase and they both agree on the terms. The landowner would now have ten less acres of property but he would be X amount wealthier and his neighbor will now have ten additional acres and X amount less. Both parties agreed on the terms and neither leave worse off than prior to the transaction. What is principle of rectification of injustice? Basically how to restore something to its rightful owner, in case of injustice in either acquisition or transfer. A good example we could use is back giving an example of a football quarterback. The quarterback contact stated that he would get X amount for each ticket purchased. What happens if he is injured at the beginning of the season and doesn’t play any games except for the first three games? Is he still entitlement to the X amount per ticket or just a portion of the total? The contact doesn’t state anything about if he was injured and didn’t play. So should the quarterback be entitlement to the extra money. It may feel injustice since he didn’t play the majority of the games, but since his contact stated that he gets X amount per ticket then he is entitlement to the entire amount. The team doesn’t feel that he should get the entire amount. The team only gives him a portion of the money. The quarterback has the right to rectify and claim the entire amount since his contact doesn’t have a specific clause regarding being injured. He would have legal action to go after the team to pay him the entire amount. 4. Two main features of John Rawls’s theory of distributive justice are particularly important. What are these two features? Describe them. Rawl’s theory of distributive justice have two main features that are described in the textbook (Shaw and Barry, pg.122): 1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. I see this feature as saying each individual should have the equal rights or opportunities, basically not to restrict or deny the freedom of each person involved. 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions. First, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest expected benefit of the least advantaged members of society. I see this feature as saying that there is social and economic inequalities and they may not be wrong or bad. These inequalities shouldn’t benefit the least well off. It doesn’t matter where a person was born into the social ladder. 5. What is the MAXIMIN rule for making decisions? According to our textbook the MAXIMIN rule states â€Å"you should select the alternative under which the worst that could happen to you is better than the worst that could happen to you under any other alternative-that is, you should try to maximize the minimum that you will receive.† (Shaw and Barry, pg.122). Basically it is stating that the rule is if there are more than one choice, the best decision rule is to consider the one with the least worst consequence for the best possible choice. 6. What is the role of the â€Å"veil of ignorance† in Rawls’ theory of distributive justice? According to our textbook the role of the veil of ignorance in Rawl’s theory â€Å"eliminates bias and makes the original position a fair way of choosing principles.† (Shaw and Barry, pg.121). I see at the method for determining the morality of an issue no matter what social role one may play, it is only how one truly considers the morality of a certain position. 7. According to Shaw and Barry, deciding what sort of economic arrangements would best promote human happiness requires the utilitarian to consider many things. What are the five considerations mentioned by Shaw and Barry? The five considerations mentioned in our textbook (Shaw and Barry, pg.111): 1. The type of economic ownership (private, public, mixed). 2. The way of organizing production and distribution in general (pure laissez faire, markets with government planning and regulation, fully centralized planning). 3. The type of authority arrangements within the units of production (worker control versus managerial prerogative. 4. The range and character of material incentives. 5. The nature and extent of social security and welfare provisions.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Volvo

The objectives of this paper are to investigate and identify the factors and rationales that move Toyota onto hybrid vehicle production. PESTLE analysis is used to analyze the collected secondary data. According to PESTLE analysis, there are several reasons that affect Toyota to produce hybrid car. Based on the PESTLE analysis, all the factors are reasonable to support Toyota move to hybrid vehicle production. Researchers have invented some alternative energy technology like the electric car.Despite to its disadvantages where the electric car was found that it was unable to carry out long distance driving and the problem regarding the frequent recharges issue. Thus, the hybrid electric car technology is actually combine he benefits of both conventional fuel powered car and electric car. But, there will involve large amount of money in order to invent and develop a new technology. So, what are the rationales that move automakers, such as Toyota to into hybrid vehicle production?Key wo rd-Toyota, hybrid car, PESTLE analysis 1. Introduction In the last couple of years, automotive industry was coming up with great innovations nowadays in order to fulfill the demand of the market [1]. The most recent innovation was mainly focus on the aspect of environmental and energy utilization issues. Therefore, hybrid car has been introduced. Hybrid car technology is type of technologies that made the vehicle utilize at least two different power sources in order to move the car.In general, the hybrid car type which available in the market is hybrid electric vehicles (Have) such as Toyota Pries Hybrid and Honda Civic Hybrid. A HAVE is using the combination of the internal combustion engine with electrical motors to make the vehicle move. Its dual engine characteristic will improve the fuel efficiency and even help in increasing the performance of the vehicle. However, the conventional cars run on a single fuel resource namely gasoline, petrol and diesel.Due to the rising issues r egarding the shortage of the natural resource in world-wide recently, the conventional cars are not longer to meet for the future demand. In fact, The research objective of this paper is to investigate the rationales that move Toyota into hybrid vehicle production and to identify its related factors by using PESTLE analysts. 2. Literature Review PESTLE analysis is a structure for planning, presenting, and report writing, it is also an analytical tool to consider external factors and help in the analysis of the impacts.Basically, PESTLE is mainly used to identify and summarize environmental influences on an organization to help it assess actual and future strategic contexts [2]. Besides that, it is also a useful tool for understanding the external macro environment in which involved. PESTLE helps organization adapt proactively to ever changing environment and allows forward thinking so that issues are anticipated in advance [3]. Moreover, PESTLE analysis can help to take advantages o f the opportunities and minimize the threats. PESTLE can help to avoid strategies that may be doomed to failure for reasons beyond control.A recent study which conducted by Serializations 1) regarding the use of strategic management lolls which included PESTLE among the group of tools that were most widely used by practitioners in the world of business. Although the authors comment that given its relatively high current use (47% of respondents usage or have used this tool) it is, at the same time, considered a statistical outlier in that 30% of respondents claiming unawareness [4]. 2. 1 political Factors may be altered by the government's influence on a country infrastructure.Factors include the current and potential influences from political pressures and hence, the stability of the industry environment and the cost of operating will be affected. Political factors often impose costs upon organization such as taxes. The governments are often trying to protect firms in their countrie s from foreign competition through tariffs and import restrictions, and to encourage their development through cheap loans and large government contracts. On global warming has resulted in global agreement on emissions of greenhouse gases.Another environmental effect of a project is on the community that surrounds it 3. Methodology 2. 2 Economic Factors include local, national and world economic impact. Rates of economic growth, unemployment and interest rates will affect the spending power of nonusers and businesses which bring the impact on the nature of competition in an industry. Other important economic factors relate to the supply of and demand for key inputs, such as oil, metals, minerals, and skilled labor. 2. 3 social Factors include the ways in which changes in society affect the project.The growing consumer assertiveness and intolerance of poor quality are the social factors. The increasing of average household income with corresponding reduction in the time available to spent it. The other social factor is cultural aspects, health and safety consciousness, population growth rate, age strutting. 2. 4 Technological Factors include how new and emerging technology affects our project / organization. The technological factors are including maturity of technology, competing technological developments, research funding, technology legislation, and new discoveries.The information technology, internet, global and local communications can be easily access by user nowadays. 2. 5 Legal Factors include how local, national and global legislation affects the project. All the organizations have adjusted their products and ways of operation to the different regulatory and legislative frameworks that an govern their product areas and countries in which they are active. 2. 6 Environmental Factors include local, national and global environmental issues. The general environment problem such as global warming and pollution are the environmental factor in PESTLE analysis .The concern Figure 1: Proposed Research Process in Flow Chart First of all, we need to define the research problem. This will help us to determine the objective of the research. Once the project was defined, the research will proceed to review the concept and theories of the study. In this stage, the research will undertake extensive literature review from published Journal, article, books, conference proceeding, and government reports because the validity of data collected are strong enough to make this research strong and firm.Besides that, in the secondary data collection, the data was collected from published work on website, newspaper, corporate profiles or official statistics. These data collected must ensure the validity before refer and take information from the website because some of the websites are invalid such as flogger and Wisped. Thus, it is wise to begin any research activity with a review of the secondary data [10]. After data was collected, the analysis was begun . In this study, the method of analysis used was PESTLE analysis. The results were then interpreted and written in report form. . Discussion and Analysis In this section, we will discuss each of the factors, PESTLE accordingly. 4. 1 Political Factor In the last few years, the process of searching for the alternative energy source is not only restricting to the economic and environment concern. However, it also 2 consider as a national security concern. At 2007, the ex-president of United State, Bush, stated that â€Å"Union was largely focused on the energy issue, and the session the U. S. Government faces is how to lessen our dependence on foreign petroleum from unstable region of the world. With gas prices at an all-time high at the price of $3. 07 a gallon, which will be surpassed in upcoming years, we see the need for change, yet it is hard to plan out how to be free from our dependence when 97% of all energy consumed by vehicles is petroleum based [11]. Vehicles. Specifically, the Air Resources Board mandated that at least 2 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent of new car sales be zero-emitting by 1998, 2001 and 2003 respectively [37]. Besides, current CAVE aerogram will reward automakers who have significant contribution in production of the vehicles that incorporate better performance.The credit system of the CAVE was formed to reward automaker and to provide automakers more flexibility to produce difference type of vehicle that fulfill the requirement of CAVE [38]. However, the present president of U. S. , President Obama stated that he wants to end the America's addiction to foreign oil and reduce the government's focus on how to obtain oil from foreign countries [12]. By driving hybrid vehicle, everyone can contribute on reducing the burden of government and reliance on foreign country. Another Act affect the political factor is Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFEГ?) standard that also executed in U.S.. Since 1975, the U. S. Government has execute d CAFEГ? policy in order to reduce the greenhouse gases emission and oil consumption, following the 1973. -1974 oil crisis. CAFEГ? did influence the decision of automotive firm by setting a minimum standard for the average fuel economy of a manufacturer's fleet of vehicles sold in U. S. [39]. Thus, in order to fulfill the standard of CAFEГ?, the automaker has change a particular vehicle model's characteristic to increase its fuel economy, such as reduce the power, design the engine or transmission and reduces the weigh [40].Thus, hybrid car is one of the technologies developed in order to fulfill the standard of CAFEГ?. On 26th January 2009, President Obama has started to reverse the climate policies of Bush administration and has set new rules to force all of the automakers in U. S. To produce more efficient and pollution free vehicle. This new rule will force manufacturers of car to make the switch over to hybrid vehicle production In addition, the U. S. Congress o n 3rd October 2008 enacted a law which offers up to $7,500 in tax incentives for passenger plug-in car. This will help most of the buyer to reduce the initial cost when purchase a hybrid vehicle.Moreover, there are large possibilities that those incentives will included conversion of gas vehicles to plug-in/hybrid vehicles, meaning that people able to convert his or her current vehicle into hybrid. There are some policy has been executed by government has grad interest of Toyota to move into hybrid production. Energy policy act of 1992 is an act that focuses on encouragement of divestment in conservation and energy efficiency by electric utilities [35]. The fuel uses as a means for the Energy policy program to helping U. S. O reduce its dependence on important petroleum.In addition, it also provide more flexible way for fleet operator who already are burdened with the responsibility of complying with the requirement of this act by rearrange the existing incentives and requirement pr ogram to directly award the use of alternative fuel [36]. Besides that, the Californians Zero Emission Vehicle (CAVE) program also is one of the policies that do help to move Toyota into hybrid vehicle production. CAVE embarked in a plan to reduce vehicle emissions to zero through the gradual introduction of zero emission The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law byPresident Bush on August, 2005[14]. In this act, there is a section for individual that purchase or lease hybrid vehicles or other alternative motor vehicle state that the tax credit for hybrid vehicles, which was enacted by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, may be as much as $3,400 for those who purchase the most fuel-efficient passenger vehicles and light trucks[1 5]. In order to improve and encourage the production of hybrid vehicle, there were some policies executed by the U. S. Government as the extension of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, such as Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, Energy and Improvement andExtension Act of 2008 and Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 4. 2 Economic Factor In our opinion, economic might be the main issue drive Toyota into hybrid vehicle production. In fact, a nation imports more products from foreign countries; it will lead to the more trade debt of nation. Therefore, the more Toyota Campy Hybrid was sold in the U. S. , the more trade debt was make by U. S. And directly affect the economics of U. S. Based on the price of the oil is keeps increasing in the global market situation, it takes money away from the disposable 3 income. This will lead to less retail spending and small business investment.This situation will bring greatly negative effect on the nation's gross domestic product. We conclude that because of the characteristic of high fuel efficiency of hybrid vehicle, the dependence of the country or even a family will be reduced, and thus more money is available in circulation of the economy. Besides that, automobile emissions contribute significa nt amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which will lead to global warming. Hybrids could help in the effort of increasing fuel efficiency and thus lowering emissions. The economic effect of a warming planet has two phases: mitigation costs and adaptation costs.Based on the Cambridge dictionary, adaptation means the process of changing to suit the different condition. The adaptation costs include those cost that let human survive during the arrival of disaster, such the relocation of coastal population, decreased agricultural production, water shortages and increased defense spending as global changes cause unrest and conflict. In addition, based on Oxford dictionary, mitigation means the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something: the identification and mitigation of pollution.The mitigation cost includes those issues that related activities that tend to reverse or halt the problem and lead to the needed to invest in new clean energy technologi es development, the overall energy prices could be raised by a tax of carbon emission and lead to slower gross domestic product growth due to the increase of difficulties to obtain a clean energy resources where it requires a huge sum of money [19]. In our opinion, due to the benefit of hybrid vehicles, both mitigation cost and adaptation cost can be reduced and result in positive effect on economic of a nation.Hybrid vehicle believe to bring benefit to the nation trade. According to RCA, a Chicago-based economic insulting company, the oil rose to $120 per barrel, making oil responsible for 75% of the U. S. Trade deficit in 2008 [19]. This situation might lead to trade imbalance. Trade imbalance might occur if the dependence of a country have import excessive amount of oil, it was caused by domestic supplies have peaked. Thus, any products and any technologies (hybrid vehicle) that will help in reduce in oil import of a country will resolve the problem of trade imbalance.Based on th e subsidies for environmental purposes, Honda developed a fuel-cell prototype and will start centralization around 2002. However, Toyota also darted to build hydro-car that need only water and Toyota Pries which is a hybrid-based car with an electrical and conventional engine that both reduce energy needs to less than 5 liters per 100 kilometers is already a big success in Japan. According to the Budget of the United States of 2000, there is a section named â€Å"Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles†. This budget proposes $264 million, which is $24 more than in 1999, which is for investment in new generation vehicles.This cost is used for three research goal, which are to develop advanced manufacturing technique; to use new technologies for near-term emission improvements; and o develop production prototype vehicles three times more fuel-efficient than conventional cars [20]. According to the facts that mentioned above, hybrid vehicle is one of the solutions to solve all of these economic problems. So, this economic factor has attract Toyota to move into hybrid car production since it have great potential to solve economic problem that might facing by most of the country in future. . 3 Social factor In modern world, people who are attracted and interested in hybrid car progressively increase because it able to bring benefit in various aspects compare to non-hybrid car. The social factor has includes some issues like health and custom of nation. In our opinion, the main factor is air pollution. Formerly, the cars were run only by combustion engine and certain amount of unwanted gas (like nitrous oxides) was emitted from those cars and those emitted gases will cause serious air pollution.After a long period, the pollution will cause some health's problem, such as respiratory tract infection, skin disease, heart disease with high risk of complication, and others; at which the percentage of the problem will be increased progressively and may lead to fatal. This harass condition was settled by substituting hybrid car to the invitational car, because the combustion engine of hybrid car is less exposed to acceleration and burns fuel under more stable conditions, thus it emit less carbon dioxide (CO) than an engine of conventional flowered vehicle [21].Besides that, the noise emission from electric motor (noise pollution) also is a main disadvantage of conventional fuel-powered vehicle. Hybrid car is a vehicle that can bring the comfortable and relax feeling for the consumer during driving because the engine of the car able to operate with less noise emission, reduce the noise no matter at high speed or low speed. On the

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Criminal justice - Assignment Example This system was based on the principle of parens patriae and was later adopted throughout United States. Categories of children include delinquent, children who are not disciplined, dependent as well as neglected children, children who have committed sexual offences and children who have been abused. 2. As a result of the Gault case children were provided by the court with four rights that have been provided to the adults. These rights include notification of the charges levied on a offender, right to hire a lawyer, right to indulge in cross examination and confrontation with witnesses as well as the right to remain silent otherwise whatever he says would be tested in the court. The rights that were not provided include the providing of a copy of the transcript of the appeal as well as the right to further appeal the decision in a higher court. Another case that had a major impact on the way juvenile offenders are handled was the case of Kent Vs. US in which the court accepted that a juvenile had the right of due process that takes place in the case of adult trials. 3. Similarities in the juvenile and adult justice system includes the right to stay silent, right to hire and consult a lawyer provided to both adults and juveniles. The differences include the release of a child in the custody of parents while adults are released on the basis of a bail. Juvenile court hearing records are kept secretive, while adult court hearing records are publicized. Juveniles are not provided with the right to have a jury trial and this right has been provided to the adults. The purpose of juvenile justice system is to protect as well as rehabilitate, while in case of adults the purpose is punish and reform. 4. Juveniles should continue to receive preferential treatment as compared to the treatment that adults receive because firstly their crimes are not as severe in nature as

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Analysis of crimestoppers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of crimestoppers - Research Paper Example Crimestoppers is a national program that was begun on a local, regional and national level to fight crime.The program brings together law enforcement,private citizens,the media to find criminals.This program began when a detective in Albuquerque,NM became concerned about the many crimes that were unsolved and that the leads had gone cold. At the time, a young college student was killed and they could not find any other leads about this crime. He realized that there was someone in the community that could help solve the murder of this college student and he knew that people would come forward if they could do it anonymously, they would be paid for a lead that led to solving the crime and the media televised the first â€Å"Crime of the Week.† Within 72 hours, three men were arrested who had committed the killing of the college student and they realized this was a good idea; Crimestoppers officially began on September 8, 1976. To date, Crimestoppers has been showed to reach all corners of the world and they have a particular presence in â€Å"Nation/Regions of the United States, Canada, Caribbean and Latin America, Europe, Australia, and the South/Western Pacific† (Crimestoppers USA, par. 4). The Crime Triangle the Program Addresses Crimestoppers attempts to address all aspects of the crime triangle. They realize that someone in the community knows when a crime is committed and they know who has committed the crime. They will help law enforcement when they have three issues satisfied: Fear of reprisal An attitude of apathy Reluctance to get involved Crimestoppers is able to resolve these issues by providing each person with a code number that keeps their tip anonymous and by rewarding them with up to $1000 when they supply information that eventually leads to the arrest of the perpetrator (Crimestoppers USA, 2011). By resolving these issues and putting the program in place, law enforcement is able to resolve the three aspects of the triangle: They m ake the community more aware of the fact that there is someone who has committed a crime, they identify the individual that had the crime committed against them and they show how the opportunity was made to create the crime (Houston Police Department, n.d.). By doing so, the community becomes safer and people are more prone to let law enforcement know where an individual resides who has committed the crime in question. Analysis of Crime Stopper’s Success Crimestoppers states that they have â€Å"an average conviction rate of approximately 95% on cases solved by a tip to the program† (Crimestoppers USA, 2011, par. 8). This conviction rate is based on the national average. In order to understand their success more specifically, the information is found in a variety of programs. Hoffman (2010) suggests that the Houston branch of Crimestoppers is â€Å"the most effective unit in the nation† (par 1). The Houston branch generally receives about 2500 calls, 500 which a re good and those 500 lead to about 50 arrests. In this city people can be paid up to $5000 if their tip lead to an arrest. In 2009, this meant that â€Å"825 felons were prosecuted because of Crimestoppers.† (Hoffman, 2010, par. 6). According to Gordon-Gibson (2010) from 1976 to 2010, 829,603 arrests were made, 1,277,325 cases were cleared, US $2,006,059,318 in property was recovered and US $7,869,309,917 worth of drugs were seized. In 2011, these statistics have grown to 893,691 arrests being made worldwide, 1,358,830 cases cleared, $2,151,864,229 worth of property recovered and a total of $8,082,482,485 drugs seized. These statistics show that Crimestoppers has had success over many years in solving crimes with the help of the community and the media. (Crimestoppers International, 2011) Why Crimestoppers Works (Critical Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Program) According to Gordon-Gibson (2010) there are several reasons why Crimestoppers works. Individuals who want to report crimes can do so anonymously so they are not put in the position of confronting the criminal.

Answering questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answering questions - Essay Example The object of knowledge is on that which altogether is real. In contrast, the object of belief is on one which is real and not real (Plato et al. 181; par. 477e). Thrasymachus makes two assertions regarding what is just or right. He points out that justice is the action of serving the interest of a stronger one. It is an advantage of the strong. He also adds that just actions are those that obey the state’s law (Plato and Grube, 15; par. 338c). Glaucon takes up the argument from Thrasymachus in terms of defining justice in a contrasting way. Glaucon points out that justice is a compromise between fear and advantage. People comprehend that being unjust is usually to their advantage; nevertheless, they fear being a victim of injustice. Hence, if one could act in an unjust manner and not suffer consequences, one could (Plato and Grube, 38; par. 358e). Plato describes the ideal city as one based on human virtue and justice. An ideal city is a form of political and social organization that allows individuals to maximize their potentials. The ideal city has three classes of people; the guardians, the auxiliaries and the producers. The leaders and citizens must have courage, wisdom, justice and moderation. This will allow individuals to serve their citizens and live according to the universal truths and laws. The role of the ideal city is to preserve and protect the universal principles. In plato’s ideal city, the guardians serve to protect and lead. There is a division of labor in his ideal city hence enables the satisfaction of the needs of the community. Each man should be given the best job in which he is suited in for. This will ensure productivity in the ideal city (Plato and Grube, 105; par. 412c). It is imperative for the ideal ruler to understand the forms. When one understands the forms, the soul reaches an understanding that is far beyond the thought stage. An ideal ruler should understand the true

Monday, August 26, 2019

Marketing management- next Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing management- next - Article Example It is a British retailer marketing clothing, footwear, accessories and home products. In India the growth of retail business is at its budding stage. Organized retail business has a grasp of nearly 7% in Indian Market and there is umpteen opportunity for its development. Off late big brands and fashion houses are aiming towards the Indian market. Due to the immense cross culture factor or globalization, trends from across the globe are getting accepted by far and large. Even in India, people are getting influenced by various other cultures and the Indian crowd is happily embracing it. Apparently growth of retail business in Indian market is at its best. Under such circumstances, it would be the accurate time for Next to hit the Indian market. Even though it has three branches in India, it should start eyeing other locations in India. Not many people are aware of Next plc, so Next should keep in mind of having phenomenal launch in India. Lot of retail chains are getting established in India. Indian players like Future Group, RPG Group, reliance Retail, and global players like Wal-Mart, Metro etc are having their presence in India. Still the organized retail sector in India is not very big. Hence Next can enter into Indian market and it has lot of potential to grow with its wide product range. I have considered area of study to be clothing. There is lot of competition in apparel industry because people have started becoming more brand conscious in clothing segment. Hence it is very important to position yourself well in such an industry. B - PLC Stage PLC (Product Life Cycle) is the course of product’s sales and profits over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages. Product Development Introduction Growth Maturity Decline Clothing is a necessity for every human being. In a country like India the scope for branded product (in clothing) is very high. India is a country which is fast developing and the purchasing power of people in India is increasing. So the share of wallet for branded apparels is surely increasing. That is the reason why all big names in the clothing segment exist in India. But the entry of these companies has happened recently and they have still not captured the market. Next in India is at introduction stage. As it has entered the Indian market recently and at the moment has only three stores in India. As far as Boston’s Matrix is concerned â€Å"next† has low market share but the market they are in has high growth. So â€Å"next† is in the question mark quadrant. C - Target Market India is one of the emerging markets and it is becoming more and more important buyer in our global economy. India has a nice percentage of world total population so if not right now, in few years, India will be one of the most important buyers in the world (sayeconomy.com). Hence it is very important to choose the right segment in Indian market to succeed. â€Å"Next† has three stores in India (Two store s at Delhi/Gurgaon and one store at Mumbai). This clearly shows that the segment they have targeted is the urban/metro segment. The purchasing power of people in these area is comparatively more than those who stay in small cities and villages. â€Å"Next† has also targeted the middle class and upper middle class. When you sell products which are luxurious item and not necessarily necessities, then an organization usually target middle class and

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The Dialogues of Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Dialogues of Plato - Essay Example Plato has made immense contributions in the field of philosophy where he wrote about the ideas regarding knowledge, metaphysics, forms and other similar ideas. More importantly, Plato wrote about the state where he gave ideal forms of governance. Though a few of his ideas were derived from Socrates, yet he was often found being deviated from that of Socrates. Out of all the works, the most intriguing one is in the state, where he identified three classes or castes in society (Plato & Benjamin 88-89); Furthermore, he gives the idea of the philosopher king who should be the central figure governing the state, and proper training of those eligible for this office must go through a rigorous education system. Thus, his work on the state and republic is one of the most applauded efforts and is appreciated till time. The positive side of the idea is the classification which clearly identifies and divides individuals based on their inherent capabilities. This ideal is pragmatic to date since it is now an accepted notion that individuals must be assigned careers according to their capabilities. This concept is clear and distinct and is thus one of the most celebrated works associated to Plato. On the negative side, his inclination towards an aristocratic state is deemed to be the most negative side to this theory. According to Plato, aristocracy is the kind of governance where a philosopher king is the central figure of the state, and thus, he is the one who must rule the republic based on reason and wisdom. Also, he further stated that the aristocracy would decline to a timocracy over time, which would further deteriorate first into an oligarchy and then to a democracy and finally to tyranny (Plato & Benjamin 66-68).  

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Strategy and Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategy and Human Resource Management - Essay Example by the U.K’s larges retailer, Marks and Spencer, with an analysis of factors impacting these approaches and the way this organisation benefited from them. Through this illustration, various HRM practices such as best-practice and best-fit models, and management models such as high-commitment, high-involvement and high-performance work management models along with resource-based model have been comprehensively analyzed. According to Jackson and Schuler (1999; p.4), Human Resource Management (HRM) is a broad spectrum of organisational elements such as ‘specific human resource practices including recruitment, selection, and appraisals; formal human resource policies meant to control and/or promote development of specific practices in order to drive the desired organisational culture; and, overarching human resource philosophies, which specify the values that attracts, develops, motivates, and retains employees who ensure the effective functioning and survival of the organisation and its members.’ These three components of HRM are in turn impacted by internal contextual factors such as structure, size, organisational life cycle stage, and business strategy; and external factors such as legal, social, and political environments, unionization, labour market conditions, industry characteristics and national cultures (Jackson & Schuler, 1999). Strategic HRM refers to the integrative framework of HRM with strategy, encompassing several aspects of the organisation’s external and internal environments at national and international levels including multiple stakeholder perspectives. In addition, it demonstrates a myriad of outcomes associated with strategic HRM reflecting the purposes of various stakeholders. Hendry and Pettigrew (1986) explain that this strategic integration of HRM with strategy is accomplished through use of planning; use of rational approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on an employment policy and manpower strategy

Friday, August 23, 2019

Business Strategies of PriceWaterhouseCoopers Term Paper

Business Strategies of PriceWaterhouseCoopers - Term Paper Example The researcher states that the main mission of PwC is to support and stimulate excellence in the realm of education with a special emphasis on higher education and also for the preparation for a career in professional services. The principal objective of PwC today, is to establish itself highly in the area of professional services by catering to the related needs of the various market segments. The firm works towards maximizing the overall effectiveness of an organization. PwC assists its network of clients by responding with alacrity to the opportunities by taking upon strategic initiatives that are both forward-looking and also enable the organizations to retain its competitive edge. The key proposition of the company for its clients is â€Å"strategy as execution† which refers to the creation of a pragmatic strategy aimed at execution right from the point of the design of the strategy. This essay discusses how in order to realize this, firm adopts a collaborative approach f iguring out the ‘how’ and ‘what’ relating to strategy execution right from the beginning. The firm addresses various agendas of the CEO or the Board, starting from a health check of the strategy to its deployment. The firm’s network of strategic growth market works towards serving the evolving needs and unique challenges faced by fastest growing companies across the globe. The firm works towards making a difference by adapting its resources, capabilities and experience as per the requirements of the business.

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay Example for Free

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay There are so many people who have influenced my life, but the person that stands out the most is my grandmother. I call her my Nee because I couldn’t say â€Å"Grandma† when I started talking. She always is a happy person every time I see her; she always tries to make herself a better person no matter what. I look up to her every day, and I want to grow up and be respected like she is. She has influenced me by her actions to respect elders, respect my parents, and the most important one is to always have a smile on my face even when I’m down. Nee always tells me to respect my elders. She always leaves an impression to my eyes for the reason that she still respects her elders to this day. I can remember from day one that she always tells me to use my manners no matter who it is. I would always get in trouble for not saying â€Å"Yes Ma’am†, â€Å"No Sir†, â€Å"Please and Thank You†. When we go out in public she always sees someone she knows, and I will always catch her saying those words. Even if they aren’t older than her, she still uses her manners. I know she always reminds me to have respect because she will always compliment kids that use manners towards her. By her telling me that she loves and respects it when kids use manners, then I know the elders love and respect it when I use my manners. I get complimented all the time for having such great manners and I will always tell everyone that it’s all because of my grandmother. Respecting my parents is very important to her also. She always would tell me when I went over to her house to never be rude to my parents. They are the reason I am here today, and have such a fantastic life. I will ever forget the day when I had to go clean her house, because at a family outing I yelled at my parents for a dumb reason, and my grandma got mad. She told me that I had to come over for the weekend and she was going to teach me a valuable lesson about respecting my parents. I had to clean all the floors and windows, and let me tell you that was not enjoyable. I learned my lesson real quick and I would never yell at my parents again. My grandmother taught me that I am disobeying God by yelling at my parents. Nee always has a smile on her face no matter what her day been like. She is always a happy person and just brings a happy mood to the room. I look up to that greatly because I want to be happy all the time, and I want people to want to be around me. She would always tell me that nobody likes being around sad and gloomy people since it will just make them in that mood also. One weekend I was very cheerless and I walked into the room that had a joyful atmosphere, and then it just dropped to pure unhappiness. I could hear Nee inside my head telling me â€Å"People don’t like to be around others who are not cheerful†, and right then I changed my mood. I didn’t want to make those happy people all gloomy because I was; I wanted them to want to be around me. She would also tell me that going to church and worshiping The Lord will forever make you in such a joyful mood. I have gone to church since I was little, and every Sunday when I leave, I always have a smile on my face. As Nee continues to teach me respect and how to become a better person, her influence on me will just keep increasing significantly. Her teaching me to respect my elders no matter how old I am shows me that I still have to use my manner when I am an elder; because that’s how I want to be treated by younger people. She always will tell me that I need to respect my parents no matter what the situation is and to view the fact that one day they won’t be here and I’m going to be a parent. Last but not least, I always need to remember to have a smile on my face. I will always hear Nee tell me that nobody wants to be around depressing people, so I better turn that frown upside down. By Nee teaching me to respect elders, respect my parents, and always keep a smile on my face, I have no doubt that I will be an influence on someone else in the future.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Reflection paper Essay Example for Free

Reflection paper Essay Visiting the Daybreak Family Centre gave me the opportunity to learn more about social services in reality. Albeit not having the chance to interact with their clients because we were untrained, I had a fruitful discussion session with the social workers there. â€Å"Learning in social work isn’t a linear process,† shared one of the social worker. Theories though being taught in school seems like there is an accurate answer social work is not a mere transfer of learning. With real clients, it takes time to generate solutions. Some lessons can only be self-discovered through experiences. Since social workers usually deal with case-works, this provided me another insightful take-away of the importance of self-reflection which allows most practitioners to explore reasons they response in certain ways, helping to create self-awareness of own strength and weaknesses. Social workers too have attitudes, past and prejudices that will affect their responses to certain things. Without learning from oneself and acknowledge all these, it will be exceptionally difficult for social workers to assist clients effectively. These social workers shared that critical reflection allows them to form new perspective of the situation, understand themselves better and hence, advance. In social services, the importance of maintaining confidentiality and establishing professional boundaries could not be emphasizes enough. Also, bearing in mind, social workers cannot overpower clients, make assumptions or put own expectations on them. I have learnt that only when appropriate, can then a social worker take more control of clients’ lives. Social services focus on client’s self-determination. Clients ultimately have to be responsible of the decisions they make. Social workers cannot allow a particular incident to affect them so as to continue their profession. It is apparent that females mainly dominate the social work profession. It struck me on how this negatively impacted the manpower issue. In particular, the root cause of delinquency is the distant-father-figure at home. The  general consensus that men are more likely to be receptive towards other men in this issue causes a greater demand for male social workers. Unless the society takes a step forward and change this delusion that social work is a â€Å"voluntary-work†, not a profession, it will be rather difficult to ameliorate this situation. This general misconception has to be addressed meritoriously. On a side note, all the social workers I have meet were like angels, kind-hearted, understanding and never failed to wear on a big-smile!

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION SOLDER JOINT IN ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES Circuit boards range from simple single moulded plastic boards with copper conductors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with copper conductors, each layer being separated by a dielectric and interconnected by metal conductors. Minimum line width and spacing between lines is less than 100  µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with layered sheets of woven fibreglass. The dielectric material between layers of conductors is usually a polymer, for example polyimide. To maintain solder ability, the exposed copper may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder overcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be further protected against moisture, contamination, and mechanical damage by a cover coat. 1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURE Solder joints are widely used in the electronic packaging industry to produce good electrical, thermal, and mechanical connections between the package and the printed circuit board. Eighty percentage of the mechanical failure in airborne and automation electronic caused by vibration and shock. Design appropriate measure to ensure the survival equipment in the shock and vibration environment is necessary to do so. Remaining 20 percentage of mechanical failure related to thermal stresses resulting from high thermal gradients, coefficient of thermal expansion and high coefficient of elasticity. Solder joint failure occur in several reasons: Poor design of the solder joint A bad solder joint treatment Solder material Excessive stress applied to solder joints. In general, however, the solder joint failure are simply ranked according to the ature of stress that have caused. Most joint failure fall into three major categories: Fatigue failure due to cyclic stress application Due to the implementation of a long term or permanent load The stress is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile also has a significant role on solder joint reliablity. because It also has a high influence micro structure of the solder joint. Vibration failure of solder joints is often assessed for reliability using high accelerated life test, which is represented by a GRMS- time curve. For surface mount microelectronic components, an approximation of printed circuit board (PCB) model analysis can be made by assuming PCB as a bare unpopulated thin plate because the increase in stiffness of PCB due to the mounting of the components is approximately offset by the increase in total mass of the populated PCB [2]. However, this approximation can lead to errors in natural frequency prediction for different package profiles, for flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) and plastic-ball-grid-array (PBGA) assemblies [3,4]. When the component has small profile, the approximation of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can provide satisfactory modal analysis results because the stiffness and mass contribution of small component to PCB assembly is not significant. In this study, varying G-level random vibration tests for PCB assembly were conducted. In order to assess the reliability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to conduct the dynamic analysis. A global-local modeling approach [4-6] was used. The analyses by Basaran [7,8], Chandaroy [9] and Zhao et al. [10] show that solder joint deformation is in the elastic range for vibration loading. The global-local or submodeling method [11-13] has been used for the board level FE simulation. In this study, four different model cases were investigated for FEA modal analysis to calculate the first order natural frequency of the FCOB assembly. A quasi-static analysis approach was conducted for the FCOB assembly to evaluate the stress strain behavior of the solder joints. A harmonic analysis was also investigated to study the dynamic response of the FCOB assembly subjected to vibration load. Fatigue life prediction results from the quasi-static analysis and harmonic analysis approaches were compared to the test results. 1.3 PROJECT PURPOSE In this modern world due to the causes of health and environmental issues the electronic manufacturing industries facing a challenging problem of necessity to produce reliable solder products in very high density with very low cost. Solder joints are very important to the reliability of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). This is a one of the leading factor in transmission of electrical and thermal connections. In case of every PCB even a smaller solder joints are very important. So this project investigates the Effect of Vibration on Solder Joint Reliability in Electronics Assembly Applications. Solder joint of a Electronic assembly is very important measurement because of This model based study might help engineers effectively improve the PCB mechanical design and thus improve reliability of electronics attached to the PCB by considering realistic uncertainties and adverse vibration environments. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING Vibration sine on random testing is performed by superimposing a sine wave on top of a random environment. A sine on random vibration test duplicates the combined environment of a spinning helicopter blade with its distinct resonant levels and the rest of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced vibration. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine vibration while the rest of the aircraft generates random excitations. These types of tests are duplicating vibration characterized by dominant peaks (sinusoids) superimposed on a broadband background Another variation would be a swept sine on random test. 2.2 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTING Dynamic deflections of materials caused by vibration can cause a host of problems and malfunctions including failed electrical components, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken structures, excessive electrical noise, electrical shorts, chafed wiring. Because sine vibration is basically a certain fundamental frequency and the harmonics of that fundamental, in its pure state, this type of vibration is generated by a limited but significant number of sources. Expressed as amplitude versus frequency, sine vibration is the type of vibration generated in the field by sources such as engine rotational speeds, propeller and turbine blade passage frequencies, rotor blade passage and launch vehicles. While much of real world vibration is random, sine vibration testing accomplishes several important goals in product qualification and testing. Much material and finished product was modeled on some type of sine vibe signature. A sine sweep of frequencies will determine whether the assumptions were correct and if the deviations are significant enough to cause design changes. In other words, sweep will establish if the anticipated frequency has been met and/or discovers the test item fundamental frequency. Similarly, a sweep will help identify the test subject resonance frequencies, which may be the points at which the item experiences particularly stressful deflections. By dwelling at those frequencies in subsequent tests, premature failures due to the properties of the material may come to light before the items sees field use. Some of the following tests include fixed frequency at higher levels of the controlling variable (displacement, velocity, acceleration), and random vibration . Per customer request, NTS will run sweeps in one direction, decreasing, increasing or bi-directionally and can change frequency logarithmically or linearly. Another typical sinusoidal vibration test, sine burst such as the teardrop, goes rapidly to peak pulse and then decays at lower rate (to prevent damage to the unit). The burst test puts a maximum load into an article at a rapid rate and particularly stresses joints and seams to identify workmanship and design issues. 2.3RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING The legitimacy of random vibration s an effective tool of screening work man ship defects came about during manufacturing. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during reliability testing. Pure sinusoidal vibration is composed of a single frequency at any given time. Comparisons tests revealed that to equal the effectiveness of random vibration. The test item will have to be subjected to many sine frequencies over a longer period of time, and may unintentionally fatigue the test item. Random vibrations undercover defect faster. 2.4 Real world simulation. Most vibration in real world is random for example a vehicle travelling over road experience random vibration from the road irregularities. A ground launched rocket vehicle experiences non stationary vibration during its flight the motor ignites the rocket travel through the atmosphere , the motor burn ends and so forth even in wing when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random vibration. Random vibration is composed of multitude of continues spectrum of frequencies. Motion varies randomly with time. It can be presented in the domain by a power spectral density function [G2/Hz]. HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING (HALT) Exposes the product to a step-by-step cycling in environmental variables such as temperature, shock and vibration. HALT involves vibration testing in all three axes using a random mode of frequencies. Finally, HALT testing can include the simultaneous cycling of multiple environmental variables, for example, temperature cycling plus vibration testing. This multi-variable testing approach provides a closer approximation of real-world operating environments. Unlike conventional testing, the goal of HALT testing is to break the product. When the product fails, the weakest link is identified, so engineers know exactly what needs to be done to improve product quality. After a product has failed, the weak component(s) are upgraded or reinforced. The revised product is then subjected to another round of HALT testing, with the range of temperature, vibration, or shock further increased, so the product fails again. This identifies the next weakest link. By going through several iterations like this, the product can be made quite robust. With this informed approach, only the weak spots are identified for improvement. This type of testing provides so much information about the construction and performance of a product, that it can bequite helpful for newer engineers assigned to a product with which they are not completely familiar. HALT testing must be performed during the design phase of a product to make sure the basic design is reliable. But it is important to note that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made engineering prototypes. At Trace, we have found that HALT testing should also be performed on actual production units, to ensure that the transition from engineering design to production design has not resulted in a loss of product quality or robustness. Some engineers may consider this approach as scientifically reasonable, but financially unrealistic. However, the cost of HALT testing is much less than the cost of field failures HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING (HASS) HASS testing is an on-going screening test, performed on regular production units. Here, the idea is not to damage the product, but rather to verify that actual production units continue to operate properly when subjected to the cycling of environmental variables used during the HASS test. The limits used in HASS testing are based on a skilled interpretation of the HALT testing parameters. The importance of HASS testing can be appreciated when one considers todays typical manufacturing scenario. Circuit boards are purchased from a vendor who uses materials purchased from other vendors. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from manufacturers all over the world. Often, the final assembly of the product is performed by a subcontractor. This means that the quality of the final product is a function of the quality (or lack thereof) of all the components, materials, and processes which are a part of that final product. These components, materials, and processes can and do change over time, thereby affecting the quality and reliability of the final product. The best way to ensure that production units continue to meet reliability objectives is through HASS testing. RELIABILITY Reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its required function under stated conditions for a specific period of time. Predicting with some degree of Confidence is very dependent on correctly defining a number of parameters. For instance, choosing the distribution that matches the data is of primary importance. If a correct distribution is not chosen, the results will not be reliable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to make correct decisions. Individual component failure rates must be based on a large enough population and relevant to truly reflect present day normal usages. There are empirical considerations, such as determining the slope of the failure rate and calculating the activation energy, as well as environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and vibration. Lastly, there are electrical stressors such as voltage and current. Reliability engineering can be somewhat abstract in that it involves much statist ics; yet it is engineering in its most practical form. Will the design perform its intended mission? Product reliability is seen as a testament to the robustness of the design as well as the integrity of the quality and manufacturing commitments of an organization. One of the fundamentals of understanding a products reliability requires an understanding of the calculation of the failure rate. The traditional method of determining a products failure rate is through the use of accelerated vibration operating life tests performed on a sample of devices. The failure rate obtained on the life test sample is then extrapolated to end-use conditions by means of predetermined statistical models to give an estimate of the failure rate in the field application. Although there are many other stress methods employed by electronic assembly manufacturers to fully characterize a products reliability, the data generated from operating life test sampling is the principal method used by the industry for estimating the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service. Failure Rate (ÃŽÂ ») Measure of failure per unit of time. The useful life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases slightly over early life, then stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should occur beyond useful life. Failure In Time (FIT) Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours. Total Device Hours (TDH) The summation of the number of units in operation multiplied by the time of operation. Mean Time between failures (MTBF) Reliability is quantified as MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) for repairable product and MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) for non-repairable product. A correct understanding of MTBF is important. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does not mean that the power supply should last for an average of 40,000 hours. According to the theory behind the statistics of confidence intervals, the statistical average becomes the true average as the number of samples increase. An MTBF of 40,000 hours, or 1 year for 1 module, becomes 40,000/2 for two modules and 40,000/4 for four modules. Sometimes failure rates are measured in percent failed per million hours of operation instead of MTBF. The FIT is equivalent to one failure per billion device hours, which is equivalent to a MTBF of 1,000,000,000 hours. The formula for calculating the MTBF is ÃŽÂ ¸ = T/R. ÃŽÂ ¸ = MTBF T = total time R = number of failures MTTF is stands for Mean Time To Failure. To distinguish between the two, the concept of suspensions must first be understood. In reliability calculations, a suspension occurs when a destructive test or observation has been completed without observing a failure. MTBF calculations do not consider suspensions whereas MTTF does. MTTF is the number of total hours of service of all devices divided by the number of devices. It is only when all the parts fail with the same failure mode that MTBF converges to MTTF. ÃŽÂ ³= T/N ÃŽÂ ³ = MTTF T = total time N = Number of units under test. If the MTBF is known, one can calculate the failure rate as the inverse of the MTBF. The formula for (ÃŽÂ ») is: where r is the number of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, probability can derive from following equation: R(t) = e-t/MTBF Confidence Level or Limit (CL) Probability level at which population failure rate estimates are derived from sample life test. The upper confidence level interval is used. Acceleration Factor (AF) A constant derived from experimental data which relates the times to failure at two different stresses. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated test conditions to use conditions. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate. THE BATHTUB CURVE The life of a population of units can be divided into three distinct periods. Figure 1 shows the reliability bathtub curve which models the cradle to grave instantaneous failure rates vs. time. If we follow the slope from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off leaving a population that is more rigorous. This first period is also called infant mortality period. The next period is the flat portion of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this time. It is difficult to predict which failure mode will manifest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the constant slope. The third period begins at the point where the slope begins to increase and extends to the end of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and begin to fail at an increasing rate. Reliability Predictions Methods A lot of time has been spent on developing procedures for estimating reliability of electronic equipment. There are generally two categories: (1) predictions based on individual failure rates, and (2) demonstrated reliability based on operation of equipment over time. Prediction methods are based on component data from a variety of sources: failure analysis, life test data, and device physics. For some calculations (e.g. military application) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard reliability prediction method. A simple failure rate calculation based on a single life test would follow equation 1. ÃŽÂ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under stress. AF = Acceleration factor, see Equation 3. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate where, ÃŽÂ » = failure rate in FITs (Number fails in 109 device hours) ÃŽÂ ² = Number of distinct possible failure mechanisms k = Number of life tests being combined xi = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism i = 1, 2, ÃŽÂ ² TDHj = Total device hours of test time for life test j, j = 1, 2, k AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, i = 1, 2, k M = ÃŽ2 (ÃŽÂ ±, 2r +2) / 2 where, ÃŽ2 = chi square factor for 2r + 2 degrees of freedom r = total number of failures (ÃŽÂ £ xi) ÃŽÂ ± = risk associated with CL between 0 and 1. 2.2 SOLDER PASTE 2.1.1 ROLE OF SOLDER PASTE IN REFLOWING Solder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composition and a highly grinded, powdered solder metal alloy that is normally used in the electronics industry to soldering processes. And also it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnection features and the PCB itself. The components of a solder paste are specially designed for excellent printing and reflow characteristics. In normal case of the surface mount soldering process involves placing the substrate and a small amount of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connection between the solder pad and the electrical contact of electronics part. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connection between the electronics components and the printed circuit board. 2.1.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF A SOLDER PASTE Selection of a solder paste is very important factor for reflowing process, reliability its quality. The following factors are considerable for a good solder paste [6]. The size of the solder alloy particles which are in the solder paste The tendency to form voids The properties of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha particle emission rate The design of the stencil to be used for printing Thermal properties of the solder paste Electrical properties of the solder paste CHAPTER 03 EXPERIMENTS 3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODOLGY SOLDER PASTE Basically I used solder paste in same procedure. The details of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the following table TYPE OF SOLDER PASTE ALLOYS CODING PARTICLE SIZE METAL LOADIND S1 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 S2 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1.1 types of solder paste used in experiment For this project all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and identification on it to distinguish it from the Tin lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a refrigerator between 35 45 F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimum four hours before doing the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the using solder paste must replace to the refrigerator since it can not be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be reducing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are strictly followed in this project. Because it is not only for guarantee the quality of solder paste but also a good way to reduce the errors that may affect the final results of the project. SOLDER PASTE PRINTING IMPORTANT OF SOLDER PASTE PRINTING Surface mount technology (SMT) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface mount components are potentially more reliable products can be designed and manufactured using the SMT. The solder paste stencil printing process is very critical and important step in the surface mount manufacting process. Most of all the soldering defects are due to problems dealing with the screening process. So we want to a major consideration in operation and set up steps in stencil printing process. When we are monitoring these factors carefully we can minimize the defects. The main purpose of printing solder paste on PCB is to supply solder alloy to solder joint to correct amount. That only print must be aligned correctly and can get a perfect component placement. PRINTING PROCESS PARAMETERS Some of the following parameters are very important to printing process. STENCIL Stencils are using for the solder paste slip easily off the aperture edges and thereby secures a uniform print. For this process we using electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have very shape edge and slightly conic. Generally a stencil is mading from cupper or nickel [12]. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and dirt from the air that will reach the PCBs and stencils can be defects poor wet ability in the reflow soldering process. So PCBs should be stored in sealed packages and cleaned before use. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to achieve a maximum production results. Some of the factors are given below [12]. Percent of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf life STENCIL PRINTING PARAMETERS Stencil printing parameters are very important factors in printing processes to achieve a best yield. The following parameters must be monitors and controlled in a printing process. Squeegee pressure = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100% Printing gap = 0.0 mm These factors and limit can be adjust for our project purpose SOLDER PASTE PRINTING EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS Figure 3.2.4.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to print solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two main functions. Registers the position of the product screen with in the print head Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to ready for the print cycle. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuum caps arranged on the plate to guarantee the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first step of the experiment is to do the solder paste printing on to the board. In this project unable to get metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by hand, below procedure followed to print PCB Put weights onto the stencil to fix it roll the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Totally 4 circuit boards printed. SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS/PROFILE Figure 3.3.1 reflow oven To achieve a good reliable solder joint the reflow process is very important. When doing the reflow with sn-pb solder paste often performed at minimum peak temperature of about 203. It is 20k above the sn pb liquid state temperature. When doing the reflow process with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a minimum peak temperature of 230. It is just 13K above the melting temperature. It is generally accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 220 230. Reflow profile will be affecting the reliability of a solder joint. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic layers in a solder joint. Intermettalic layer is a critical part of a solder joint. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must produce solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer. PREHEAT ZONE In this zone indicates how the temperature is changing fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is usually between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be damage to components from thermal shock. Only In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to evaporate. So if the rise rate is too low the evaporation of flux is not incomplete. This will affect the quality of the solder joint. THERMAL SOAK ZONE It is also called the flux activation zone. In this thermal soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for removal of solder paste and activation of fluxes. Solder spattering and balling will be happen if the temperature is too high or too low. End of this thermal shock zone a thermal equilibrium will complete the entire circuit board. REFLOW ZONE In this reflow zone only the maximum temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to consider about the peak temperature that is the maximum allowable temperature of entire process. It is very important to monitor this maximum temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may cause damage to the internal dies of SMT components and a block to the growth of intermetalic bonds. we have to consider the profile time also. If time exceeds than the manufactures specification it also affect the circuit boards quality. 3.3.4 COOLING ZONE In the reflow process the last zone is cooling zone. A proper cooling inhabits excess intermetallic formation or thermal shock to the components. Generally the cooling zone temperature range is 30 100. In this project I selected the following temperature profiles. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free soldering. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Totally 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was not involves any defects or damages in the printed circuit board. Figure 3.3.4.1a printed circuit board after reflow SET UP EVENT DETECTOR The constructed PCBs were connected with event detector by ribbon data cable. Ribbon cable addressed according to `Analysis tech STD series event detectors manual . pins 1 to 32 function as source point and pins 33 to 37 function as ground point. To obtain closed loop circuit to monitor the behaviour of PCB components, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to channel 1,2,33 and 34 respectively. Ribbon cable After connected ribbon cable with event detector and enviromenrt chamber, channels are assigned in WIN DATA LOG software which supplied with event detector. For this test following settings define for data acquisition INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMER In this study, PCBs were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyse the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random vibration loading. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration levels to assess the solder joint reliability subjected varying G-level vibration loads(G is the gravitational acceleration), respectively. Vibration tests were accomplished by using an electro dynamic Shaker

Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Ernest Hemingway Authors Essays

Ernest Hemingway The writer/artist that I chose to enlighten you with has inspired many writers as well as literature majors for many years. He continues to tickle our imaginations with the legacy that he has left us with. This man was as genuine as you can get. He was loved by many. He made an impact on any life that he came across. This man is non other than, Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway was a free spirit in an unattached sense. He loved adventure, as well as the drink. He was somewhat enterprising and approached life with added enthusiasm. Hemingway was loyal to himself through living life to the fullest, when times permitted. By this I mean, most people have had a few hardships by choices made without addressing an outcome. Yet, it seems that in Hemingway's youth, improper choices did not faze him in the least. He approached every day as if it were anew, forgetting the woes of yesterday. Hemingway was a handsome man, tall and built. He was sensitive, energetic and had a superb toughness about him which made for a solid spirit. He had luck on his side, as well as an imagination that most would love to be blessed with. He could take any situation and turn it into a story that would catch your attention until the very end. One of his sons states, "when you knew my father for a long time in his youth you could only love him and marvel at him, and when you knew him when he got older you could only be sad or bitter- depending on how well you had known him when he was young". ( Gregory H Hemingway, M.D. "PAPA" A Personal Memoir 1976) This tells me that as Hemingway approached the comming of age, he expericanced a somewhat "dry" well. As we all grow older we slow down, as well as become of a more boring state, and it is ... ...n any future writing. Unfortunatly Hemingway found it too hard to go on, feeling forced to suffer from the loss of his one true love, writing. Heminway commited suicide on the morning on July 2nd, 1961. The apple doesnt fall far from the tree. It seems as if the suicide trend had been passed down through the generations of males within his family. If you read closely into his life, you see a man full of passion, and a vitality which many of us only wish to have. Hemingway has set an example within the literary world. He is admired by many and loved by anyone who has had the pleasure of knowing him, or the opporitunity to know the legend himself through his works. Works Cited Hemingway, Gergory H. M.D. (1976). "PAPA, A Personal Memoir." Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Ernest Hemingway Biography>Childhood http://www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm

Monday, August 19, 2019

Supporting a Smoking Ban Essay -- essays research papers

Smoking I am writing an essay about smoking and whether or not you smoke I would like to share my views with you. As well as my views I will also explain the views of others who support smoking. I chose this subject because it is something that really annoys me. My opinion is against it, especially in public places. My reasons are that it harms the smoker and others. Other people feel that smoking is not a bad thing and support it. My opinion of those people is that they are probably all smokers. My first argument against smoking is health. The health problems caused by smoking are serious and numerous. There is clear evidence here! Heart attacks, strokes, emphysema, abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukaemia, cataracts, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, periodontitis, pneumonia, stomach cancer ,bronchitis, heart disease. In young people, three out of four deaths are caused by smoking! That?s only those deaths caused by heart disease, but it?s a problem as lots of deaths caused by heart disease are due to heredity from parents, lack of exercise, diet, diabetes, high blood pressure, stress and anger and obesity. There are so many causes for heart attacks and death and four out of five are caused by smoking. This is the main argument against smoking, the health of the smoker. Secondly, the person who is smoking is creating smoke. This is not only damaging the environment, it is annoying others. The smell is bad but the smoke can go into people?s lungs and cause cancer which could then kill them. This is known as passive smoking. Heart and lung disease can be caused by smoking so passive smoking could also give you the illness. If someone is standing in a group of people that are smoking, even if ... ...ed to take care of them when they get ill and they probably don?t realise or think of that. Some people believe that when they quit smoking they will put on weight, this may be true as smoking burns off an average of 200 calories a day, nicotine is an appetite suppressant which means you won?t feel the urge to eat, just to smoke. Metabolism is boosted. To sum up, you they don?t get the calories burned off and will be eating more, probably un-healthy things. There are ways to quit and not put on weight. Exercise more, keep healthy snacks at hand, avoid alcohol, and take nicotine pills, patches, or fake cigarettes. In conclusion, there are arguments for and against this topic because people?s opinions can be very different. I am against smoking and have detailed my arguments against it but have also included some reasons for it because so many people do support it.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Hope Floats Essay -- essays research papers

Hope Floats   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie I decided to watch is called Hope Floats. This is a great movie, and it not only should be about love, but it showed me about life. Do you think you can fix your life and get it back on the right track all on your own? All you have to do is just have to give hope a chance and believe that everything will get better someday. There is always a time in everyone’s life when something horrible happens. Sometimes it something that changes your very course of life in an instant. Then life becomes difficult and it seems all you can do is give up on everything. But it does not have to be like that at all. Your life is not over, you just hit a rough spot along the way, and things are bound to get better, because it is easier to bounce higher once you have fallen. Birdee Calvert, played by Sandra Bullock, was a beauty queen, known as â€Å"Ms. Popular†. She was also a cheerleader and even prom queen when she was in high school. She married her high school sweet heart, Bill Calvert. They then moved to Chicago straight after high school and lived the perfect life together†¦so it seemed. Then things began to seem different for her and things did not seem so perfect after all. The whole movie starts when she appears on a Reality TV show. She thinks she’s there for a free make over or something that he best friend dragged her into doing. She soon realizes that’s not why she’s there at all. On this TV show, Birdee’s best friend admits and tells her she’s having an affair with her husband. Birdee and her young daughter, Bernice, decide to pack up and leave Bill. They move out and travel back to Birdee’s home town of Smithville, Texas. There she much live with her mother. She was never very close with her mother growing up, but now she has to live with her, she wants to start a new bond together. When she gets to Smithville her life becomes even more complicated than it was to begin with and she never thought it could quite be like this. After much debate, Birdee finally is convinced to start a new life, which involves getting a new job. There is a problem though, she must deal with something from her past. Most of the people she went to high school with still live in Smithville. Normally this would not be a problem for anyone else, but when you think about that fact that her and her friends teased everyone, it was a big problem... ... in the town saw her on TV. getting her heartbroken. That would be so bad, I can’t imagine how that would feel, she was probably embarrassed that everyone knew about it. She showed an enormous amount of strength and courage to be able to pick herself up and dust herself off. I respect her for that and would like to think that if that would ever happen to me that I would have the strength and power to keep going and not give up just like her. I think this is a powerful message to women. It is telling us never give up and keep a positive attitude, because you can do want ever you set your mind to it. I learned lot from this movie, and one thing I remember is that the beginnings are sometimes scary, endings are usually sad, but it’s the middle that counts most. That is true for a lot of things just in everyday life. I believe that I learn a lot from this movie and I would suggest anyone to see it. Just remember, when your life goes off track, you have to remember never give up and throw in the towel. It will get better, you need to realize that your life will not go back exactly the same, but everything changes. I also learned that everything will be ok, just give it time and faith.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Fnce451 Midterm

Midterm Exam – October 17, 2012 SOLUTIONS Instructions: 1. Read the questions carefully. 2. Answer all questions on the following pages. 3. A financial calculator and a regular calculator are permitted. 4. A one-sided 8. 5† x 11† formula sheet is permitted with formulas only. 5. The midterm has 11 pages, including 2 blank pages. 6. For Part 2, show all your work. 7. Midterm duration: 75 minutes. 8. Mark allocation: Shown on exam. Print your name: _________________________________________ Sign your name: __________________________________________ Student Number: __________________________________________Good Luck!!! Part 1: Multiple Choice Part 2: Short Answer and Problems Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Total /20 /4 /5 /10 /16 /55 1 Part 1 [2 points each = 20 points]: Multiple Choice. Circle the BEST answer. 1. The Double Dip Co. is expecting its ice cream sales to decline due to the increased interest in healthy eating. Thus, the company has announced that it will be reducing its annual dividend by 5% a year for the next two years. After that, it will maintain a constant dividend of $1 a share. Two weeks ago, the company paid a dividend of $1. 0 per share. What is this stock worth if you require a 9% rate of return? A. $10. 86 B. $11. 11 C. $11. 64 D. $12. 98 E. $14. 23 2. The value of common stock today depends on: A. The expected future holding period and the discount rate. B. The expected future dividends and the capital gains. C. The expected future dividends, capital gains and the discount rate. D. The expected future holding period and capital gains. E. None of the above. 3. The tax shield on CCA is calculated by: A. The quantity (1-Tc) multiplied by CCA. B. Revenues less expenses less CCA. C.The quantity (Revenues-Expenses) multiplied by CCA. D. Revenues less expenses less taxes. E. None of the above. 4. If the project beta-IRR co-ordinates plot above the SML, the project should be: A. Accepted because it is overvalued. B. Accepted because it is undervalued. C. Rejected because it is overvalued. D. Rejected because it is undervalued. E. None of the above. 5. The opportunity set of portfolios is: A. All possible return combinations of those securities. B. All possible risk combinations of those securities. C. All possible risk-return combinations of those securities.D. The best or highest risk-return combination. E. The lowest risk-return combination. 2 6. The combination of the efficient set of portfolios with a riskless lending and borrowing rate results in: A. The capital market line which shows that all investors will only invest in the riskless asset. B. The capital market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of the riskless asset and the tangency portfolio. C. The security market line which shows that all investors will invest in the riskless asset only. D.The security market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of the riskless asset and th e tangency portfolio. E. None of the above. 7. Stock A has an expected return of 20%, and stock B has an expected return of 4%. However, the risk of stock A as measured by its variance is 3 times that of stock B. If the two stocks are combined equally in a portfolio, what would be the portfolio's expected return? A. 20. 0%. B. 4. 0%. . C. 12. 0%. D. Greater than 20%. E. Need more information to answer. 8. Two mutually exclusive investment opportunities require an initial investment of $8 million.Investment A then generates $1 million per year in perpetuity, while investment B pays $500,000 in the first year, with cash flows increasing by 5% per year thereafter. Determine the NPV for which an investor would regard both opportunities as being equivalent. A. ?$1 million B. $0 C. $1 million D. $2 million E. $8 million 9. When comparing two projects with different lives, why do you compute an annuity with an equivalent present value (PV) to the net present value (NPV)? A. So that you can see which project has the greatest net present value (NPV). B.So that the projects can be compared on their cost or value created per year. C. To reduce the danger that changes in the estimate of the discount rate will lead to choosing the project with a shorter time frame. D. To ensure that cash flows from the project with a longer life that occur after the project with the shorter life has ended are considered. E. To avoid complications arising from alternating cash inflows and outflows. 3 10. A firm is considering changing their credit terms. It is estimated that this change would result in sales increasing by $1,000,000.This in turn would cause inventory to increase by $150,000, accounts receivable to increase by $100,000, and accounts payable to increase by $75,000. What is the firm's expected change in net working capital? A. $1,175,000 B. $325,000 C. $250,000 D. $175,000 E. $150,000 4 Part 2 [35 points]: Short Answer and Problems. Please show all your work. Question 1 [4 poi nts]: When two stocks have a correlation of ? 1, is it always possible to construct a portfolio with 0 standard deviation? If so, what is the weight (denoted as ? ) that always ensures that the portfolio has 0 standard deviation? Answer: Yes. 1 point) We can show this by substituting correlation of ? 1 in the portfolio variance formula: ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)? 1,2? 1? 2 which gives, ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)(? 1)? 1? 2 = [ 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 2]2 (1 point for setting up the problem with the variance formula) We are interested in the standard deviation, which is the square root of the above variance. By choosing ? so that [ 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 2] = 0 we get ? = ? 2/(? 1 + ? 2) and thus we can always ensure the portfolio has 0 standard deviation. (2 points: 1 point for setting the standard deviation equal to zero to solve for ? and 1 point for final answer) 5 Question 2 [5 points]: Storico Co. just paid a dividend of $3. 50 per share. The company will increase i ts dividend by 20 percent next year and will then reduce its dividend growth rate by 5 percentage points per year until it reaches the industry average of 5 percent dividend growth, after which the company will keep a constant growth rate, forever. If the required return on Storico stock is 13 percent, what will a share of stock sell for today? Answer: Here we have a stock with differential growth, where the dividend growth changes every year for the first four years.We can find the price of the stock in Year 3 since the dividend growth rate is constant after the third dividend. The price of the stock in Year 3 will be the dividend in Year 4, divided by the required return minus the constant dividend growth rate. So, the price in Year 3 will be: P3 = $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 10)(1. 05) / (. 13 – . 05) = $69. 73 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for answer) The price of the stock today will be the PV of the first three dividends, plus the PV of the stock price in Year 3 , so: P0 = $3. 50(1. 20)/(1. 13) + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)/1. 132 + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 0)/1. 133 + $69. 73/1. 133 (2 points for set up) P0 = $59. 51 (1 point) 6 Question 3 [10 points]: The expected return of the S&P 500, which you can assume is the market portfolio, is 16% and has a standard deviation of 25% per year. The expected return of Microsoft is unknown, but it has a standard deviation of 20% per year and a covariance with the S&P 500 of 0. 10. The risk-free rate is 6 percent per year. a. [2 points] Compute Microsoft’s beta. Answer: ? Microsoft = Cov(RMicrosoft, RM) / var(RM) ? Microsoft = 0. 10 / (0. 25)2 = 1. 60 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) . [2 points] What is Microsoft’s expected return given the beta computed in part (a)? We know from the CAPM: E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) – Rf) Therefore, E(RMicrosoft) = 0. 06 + (1. 60)(0. 16? 0. 06) = 0. 220 or 22. 0% (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) c. [2 points ] If Intel has half the expected return of Microsoft, then what is Intel’s beta? From the CAPM, we can solve for ? : E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) – Rf) 0. 11 = 0. 06 + ? Intel(0. 16 – 0. 06) ? Intel = 0. 50 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 7 d. [2 points] What is the beta of the following portfolio? . 25 weight in Microsoft; 0. 10 weight in Intel; 0. 75 weight in the S&P 500; ? 0. 20 weight in GM (where ? GM = 0. 80); 0. 10 weight in the risk-free asset. Answer: The beta of the portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the assets that comprise the portfolio: ? P = (0. 25)(1. 60) + (0. 10)(0. 50) + (0. 75)(1. 0) + (? 0. 20)(0. 80) + (0. 10)(0) = 1. 04 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) e. [2 points] What is the expected return of the portfolio in part (d)? Answer: From the CAPM, we can solve for E(RP) E(RP) = Rf + ? E(RM) – Rf) = 0. 06 + (1. 04)(0. 16 – 0. 06) = 0. 164 or 16. 4% (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 8 Question 4 [16 points]: Better Mousetraps has developed a new trap. It can go into production for an initial investment in equipment of $6 million. Ignore the CCA system and assume that the equipment will be depreciated straight-line over 5 years to a value of zero, but in fact it can be sold after 5 years for $500,000. The firm believes that working capital at each date must be maintained at a level of 10 percent of next year’s (i. e. he following year’s) forecast sales. The firm estimates production costs equal to $1. 50 per trap and believes that the traps can be sold for $4 each. Sales forecasts are given in the following table below. The project will come to an end in five years, when the trap becomes technologically obsolete. The firm’s tax bracket is 35 percent, and the required rate of return on the project is 12 percent. What is project NPV? Year Sales (millions of traps) 0 0 1 0. 5 2 0. 6 3 1. 0 4 1. 0 5 0. 6 Thereafter 0 Answer: YEAR: Sales (traps) Revenue ($4. 00 ? Sales) Expense ($1. 50 ?Sales) Working capital Change in Wk Cap CF from Operations: Revenue Expense Depreciation Pretax profit Tax After-tax profit CF from operations Cash Flow CF: capital investments CF from working capital CF from operations Total CF PV @ 12% Net present value 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 20 1 0. 50 2. 00 0. 75 0. 24 0. 04 2 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 40 0. 16 3 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 40 0. 00 4 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 24 –0. 16 5 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 00 –0. 24 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 2. 0000 0. 7500 1. 2000 0. 0500 0. 0175 0. 0325 1. 2325 2. 400 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 05 0. 195 1. 3950 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 2. 400 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 105 0. 195 1. 3950 (5 points) –6. 00 –0. 20 0. 00 –6. 20 –6. 20 –0. 1817 0. 0000 –0. 0400 1. 2325 1. 1925 1. 0647 0. 0000 – 0. 1600 1. 3950 1. 2350 0. 9845 0. 0000 0. 0000 2. 0450 2. 0450 1. 4556 0. 0000 0. 1600 2. 0450 2. 2050 1. 4013 0. 3250 0. 2400 1. 3950 1. 9600 1. 1122 (2 points) (6 points) (3 points) 9 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 10 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 11