Environmental And Social Impacts Of Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental And Social Impacts Of Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan is blessed by many things; forests are one of them, which cover 4.224 million Hectare (ha) which is 4.8% of the total land area (Wildlife of Pakistan). Out of these 4604 ha area is covered by forests in Khyber-pakhun-khwa (KPK) and Northern areas. Â  Between 1981 and 1990, there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the Tropical Asia and Oceania, which Pakistan is a part of. During 21st century, 1.6% deforestation had been occurring each year. This is an alarming situation and needs to be stalled and then reversed, if possible (Wildlife Pakistan). Deforestation is a great threat against ecosystem and deteriorating the relationship between human and ecosystem. It is a main reason of Global Warming. The conventional view of deforestation is that rural people overexploits forests for local consumptive use and also the timber and woods traders using all possible ways to smuggle woods. The demand of people of consumption of wood is increasing, according to bureau of statistics; the consumption of wood in 1993 was 29.5 million cubic meters where as in the year 2010 it was around 50 million cubic meters. Pakistan, at present, is producing only 14 million cubic meters of wood. Over 80 percent of the population in KPK is below the poverty level, which consumes available natural resources for their survival, which results to deforestation. Deforestation contributes in the lacking of Biodiversity by affecting the Wild Life in forests. It is the main source of causing climate change, which results to Global warming, which is the major problem of the world, it is the reason of the dramatic change in temperature, from which Pakistan is suffering. No recycling of water, less carbondioxcide and nitrogen exchange, more decertification, soil erosion, decrease in rainfall rate indicates the alarming rate of deforestation. The area where this research has been conducted is Basho valley which is located in Batistan region in the northern areas of Pakistan. The valley ascends from the southern side of the Indus river with the altitude of 2060 approximately above the level of the sea towards Banak La mountain at 5500m. The findings show that the forest has been decreased 50% in Basho valley and the rate decreased after establishment of the valley in 1968. 1950 people of the population of the valley which depends on the forest for energy necessities, cooking purposes, and heating. The theory of huge deforestation due to fast population growth and local use; the study did not support this theory. The study indicates that the improved convenience combined with mismanagement of the forest department which is main factor in deforestation in Basho valley. The forest department is very much involved in deforestation as they support all the illegal commercial harvesting on a large scale. Damage to the forest in the valley has done due to the authorities of the superiors in forest department. A lot of woods which is fallen or green from the valley forest has been taken by the outsiders or the contractors using some informal permits which is called chits and the officers of the government department has given incentives from this systems by receiving payments. As by local elders the contractors took wood around ten times more than the quota which was allocated to them officially for the construction of government buildings. The contractors then sell out the woods in Skardu market to earn or they build their own shops and houses. The result of the corrupt performance or activities done by the government faculty or the increased access to a forest in the last thirty years; the forest has been reduced significantly. The methodology which is used in the study is that the qualitative data which has been selected for the study by the author in 8 years. During this period of time he meet with the officers of forest department, he also get interacted with the forest contractors and few people of the valley which includes men and women. Interviews has been conducted which was both individual and group in the three different workshops which was conducted by Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Norwegian University of Life Science. At least ten people attended the workshop who was representative of the different villages near Basho valley. Some meetings were also arranged in each village. Almost 95 people attended all the workshops in which 65 were women and 30 were men. The interview has also taken by the officers of the Basho development organization. As like this several interviews were conducted there in valley from local jeep owners who transport woods to the people, from the local volunteers and 16 stakeholders in which two were women and 14 were men. Survey was also conducted in different villages with different group discussions and some key respondent interviews and this period was of six months. These fieldworks were also consisted of survey of price, natural resource and village profiles. For the improving of historic information about Basho valleys forest; two pictures were taken, the first one is Landsat Multispectral scanner (MSS) image which was of 20 July 1976 and Landsat-7(ETM+) image which was of 16 august 2002. Rafi khan S., and S. Rafi khan (2009) Assessing poverty:deforestation links: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 2607-2618 Keywords: Ecological degradation Deforestation Poverty Local institutions Resource management The literature analyzes the linkage between poverty and deforestation in Swat valley, KPK. As the poor community has no approach to energy resources like Oil and Gas, so they depend upon wood and timber more than other classes of the country, which results to deforestation. But the hypothesis of the researchers stood wrongs and they debated further that poverty has no link with deforestation. This study has highlighted the historical, empirical and institutional aspects of deforestation. Historically, the research took out the history of 16th century, where forests were protected by the institution and departments assigned for forests by the Walis (Kings) of Swat Valley. When in 20thcentury, Swat was merged into Pakistan in 1969; forests were ignored due to poor managerial and the policies of Pakistan. By reason of rapid rise in Timber prices, the forest departments, for more incentives, collude with Forest Mafias than to protect forests. The corrupt department and the lack of communication between revenue department and forestry also helped in speeding up the exploitation of forests. Locals of Swat valley depend on the forests for daily life use and are also a main source of income for them. Such dependency and also historical and institutional evolution clearly describe the rights of locals on these resources. It is required for Pakistan to look after the managerial skills of forestry department and prevent them for colluding with Forest Mafias. Only such policies can avoid the exploitation of these resources. The sample were selected in the study and that was of 12 villages of Swat; in which five villages from low eco zone, four from mid zone and three from high zone. Information of household was collected by 403 households. For the qualitative analysis 200 households were selected for information from six additional villages from high zone. For the analysis of resource dependence, information was collected on resource income (RI) as the dependent variable and the independent variables included income from other sources or non-resource income (NRI) and livestock numbers (LS), given their potential impact on resource degradation. The total aggregate income was derived from: natural resources (fuel wood collection, timber, fodder, no timber forest products, fish, and forest royalties); agriculture (crops and orchards as an annual figure including both kharif(summer) and rabi (winter) seasoncrops); livestock; employment; donations/transfers; forest royalties; and rental income. Ali T., M. Ahmad, Babar and Abid (2007) Impact of participatory forest management on financial assets of rural communities in Northwest Pakistan Ecological economics 63 (2007) 588-593 Keywords: Northwest Pakistan Participatory forestry Financial assets Livelihood strategies Research paper indicates the relationship between forest management and the livelihood of locals of KPK. It is shown in the paper that the cash needs of local communities is not dependent on natural resources like forests but rather non-cash needs are dependent on forest like use of wood in day to day needs such as cooking, constructions etc. Interviews with different people of local community show how forest management is difficult for locals. They say, people living on mountains are completely dependent on forest for survival as they have no other ways available, unlike people living on lowland like Punjab. It is further argued, that locals cannot be motivated for forest management before giving them economical benefits. These are the reasons which are involved in deforestation in KPK. To avoid deforestation in KPK, government must give priority to the needs of locals which are dependent on forest such availability of resources like Oil and Gas, economical benefits etc. Locals must be employed on the conservation of forest and incentives should be given to them. Government should focus on people at macro level and should work on microcredit and infrastructure development before the implementation of macro projects. The study shows that two main districts were selected of NWFP (KPK) which was Mansehra and Swat because these two districts were having maximum forest cover. In these two districts there were two types of villages, project villages and non project villages. Eight villages were selected randomly which consist of four from each districts in which two were project villages and two were non project villages. For quantitative data survey were conducted with a questionnaire. 400 households were selected in both districts. 200 were from each district in which 100 from project villages and 100 from non project villages. Tahir S.N.A. , M.Rafique, A.S. Alaamer. (2010) Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan Environmental Pollution 158 (2010) 2490- 2495 Keywords: Deforestation Biomass burning Brick kilns Green house gas emission The article indicates the impact of biomass fuel burning due to deforestation and greenhouse gasses emission. Pakistan has an average population of 170 million and average growth in population is 2.4%. Whereas 54% of energy requirement is met from conventional means and the remaining 46% from natural resources like wood and coal. Forests in Pakistan cover a total area of 2.4%, and deforestation rate in Pakistan 1.68%. Gasses emission from human body and brick making in big cities s higher that fresh environment due to forests. This results to polluting of environment. As Pakistan imports coal from foreign countries, therefore, it is expensive for brick maker to use coal, so they prefer to use wood which is comparatively cheaper, which results to deforestation. The study has found out the consumption of wood by brick builder due to deforestation is estimated to be 1378,000 m3. Global warming is assessed to be increasing rapidly due to high rate of greenhouse gasses emission. Researcher has found out these results for helping others for study in same field. For the collection of data 180 brick kilns of 18 provincial divisions in all of four provinces of Pakistan were selected. In each division 10 brick units were randomly selected and surveyed and this was questionnaire based. The emission of total carbon is estimated by applying the basic methodology. This was done by multiplying the quantity of biomass burnt (t dm) by the fraction of biomass oxidized and the biomass carbon content (t C/t dm) (IPCC,1994). The default value of 0.9 is used for the fraction of biomass oxidized. Whereas, for woody biomass, a conversion factor of 0.5 t C/tdmis used. (Ct = Mt *Mf) Where in Equation (1), Ct, Mt and Mf represent total biomass burnt(tdm),fraction of biomass oxidized(0.9)and woody biomass carbon content(0.5tC/tdm) respectively.TheemissionofCO2 from fuel wood burning can be estimated by conversion of total carbon content(tC) to Carbon dioxide content (tCO2) using the conversion ratio of 44 t CO2/12 t C (Ct = Mt _*Mf) Qasim M. , K. Hubacek, M, Termansen, A. Khan (2011) Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern in District Swat, Hindu Kush Himalayan region of Pakistan Applied Geography 31 (2011) 820-828 Keywords: Spatial analysis Land use change Land degradation Remote sensing GIS Deforestation Swat Pakistan According to Pakistani officials the forest are increasing due to deforestation and environmental awareness. In a contrast with Pakistani officials, international researches and statistics shows a rapid rate of increasing in deforestation have is 1.68% annually. This study is about the difference between Pakistani and international statistics. In this study District Swat is taken as a subject matter which is a part of the high altitude Hindu Kush Himalaya region of Pakistan comprising a diverse set of biophysical, ecological and socio-economic characteristics. The forest land in converting into agriculture land and also uses for developmental reasons like roads, infrastructure and construction etc. which results to deforestation in the locality. In Kalam, forest area is decreased by 30.5%; with 11.4% of the deforestation caused by agricultural expansion. In Malamjaba, forests decreased by 49.7% over the last 40 years. Agricultural land expanded by 77.6%. In the Barikot region, forest cover area decreased to 9.5% in 2007, whereas the built up areas increased by 161.4%, and agricultural land expanded by 129.9% consuming 18.96% of forest area in 2007. Annual deforestation rates observed were 1.86% in scrub forest zone, 1.28% in agro-forest zone and 0.80% in pine forest zone in Swat. Growth of agriculture has largely been achieved at the cost of forests. It is concluded that the claim of Pakistani officials of increasing in forest is wrong but rather decreasing rapidly which is alarming. The area where this research has done is district Swat. It is a valley located in a north west of Pakistan consists of many forests. The study was conducted in a form of area divided into three zones i-e zone (A), zone (B) and zone (C). The data selected through maps of different zones and its start from baseline of October 1968 then the Swat state was merged with Pakistan. The next data were selected in 1990 with 2 decades gap in which few important changes took place. The last data was taken out in 2007 which was last available data. The other method used is remote sensing techniques using aerial photograph and satellite images. It provides the areas in the three vegetation zone.

It strategy vs business strategy Essay

In most organizations IT expenditure is considered as one of the larger if not the largest contributor to capital investment and expenditure. Technology has a significant effect on the business landscape of most organizations and the market place they operate in. The goal of IT as such should be directed toward the alignment of IT strategy with an organization’s overall business strategy (Mulcay, 2001). It is argued though that the inability to successfully derive value from IT investment is, for the most part due to a lack of alignment between IT and business strategies. Johnson and Scholes cited by Riley (2012) define strategy as follows â€Å"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations†. In unpacking the definition, simply the business strategy that the business has decided to follow needs accurate configuration of resource – human resource, technology resource, financial resource etc., so as to gain competitive advantage, meet objectives and stakeholder expectation. Henderson & Venkatraman (1999) argue that there is no IT application or system, regardless of how cutting edge or sophisticated it maybe, that will build and sustain a competitive advantage for an organization for a sustained period of time. Organizations, in order to sustain competitive advantage should continuously endeavor to exploit it’s IT functionality and resource to maintain an advantage. In my opinion this is achieved by out of the box, evolutionary thinking by both business and IT leaders. Furthermore, both business and IT leaders need to understand fully the role that IT can support and re-shape business strategy decisions and improve IT effectiveness and ultimately improve business performance. SHOULD A COMPANY’S IT STRATEGY FOLLOW ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY OR SHOULD IT LEAD ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY? WHY In my opinion IT is vary rarely the core business unless of course we mention Microsoft or Google and the like where technology is the primary focus area  but it must noted that the actual business process for each is different and intellectual property is what is regarded most valuable. Hence, I agree with (Abate 2009, Henderson & Venkatraman 1999, Skriletz 2013) and many other researchers and commentators, that IT’s role should be regarded as the enabler or driver of the business strategy. IT’s strategy, investment; architecture even projects all need be dictated by overall business strategy, but should be part of process that helps the formation of the overall strategy. IT leaders need to possess the knowledge of new enabling technologies and how these technologies can be integrated into the business. Very often the business strategy is formed and developed in isolation and IT is seen as a support function only, rather than as function that can contribute to forming the strategy itself. IT leaders need to be part of the process that delivers the direction the business chooses to follow. Luftman & Brier (1999) echo this sentiment in that just as HR and marketing are important parts of strategy so to should IT. Venkatraman and Henderson (2000) assert that business strategists cannot be seen to take the leading role whilst the IT strategist is seen as a support role. It is imperative both take the lead in designing the business platform. â€Å"Business and IT strategists working together to shape new business; IT is not subordinate to business strategy but an extricate part of it†. FACTORS TO CONSIDER Technology is seen as one of key elements that drive change and transformation. Intelligent use of technology can deliver a competitive advantage, streamline processes create cost efficiencies and optimization for most organizations and as organizations strive for these competitive advantages and efficiencies it would really not be prudent to exclude the technology people from the process of strategy development as those organizations that do include them, will certainly claim the competitive edge and advantage. â€Å"Regardless of what industry you’re in, it’s hard to think about a business  that couldn’t exploit IT for competitive advantage if they chose to,† says Barbara Gomolski, an analyst at Gartner cited in an article by Moore (2011). The industries that have seen growth by aligning IT and business strategy and have used it as a driver and an enabler include the airline industry that has leveraged IT and now allows customers to book directly with carriers rather than involving third party agents. The banking industry has really embraced technology with the likes of online banking and transactions, which show true alignment and involvement of IT in business strategy and goal setting. Technology drives their growth. The sentiment shared and one that I agree with is that by including IT in the formulation of business strategy will certainly assist the organization in achieving its goals. The exploitation of technology as a means is key and if you don’t necessarily feel that, then I guarantee IT is treated as being outside of the core business strategy and as a result the organization is not deriving value from one of it’s most if not the most valuable resources. References Venkatraman N & Henderson JC. 2000: Business platforms for the 21st Century, in Mastering Information Management, edited by DA Marchand, TH Davenport & T Dickson. Great Britain: Prentice Hall: 283-289 Mulcay K. 2001: The IT Dilemma. World Trade, 14(4): 48-48. Henderson JC & Venkatraman N. 1999: Strategic Alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organisations. IBM Systems Journal, 38(2&3): 472-484. Luftman J & Brier T. 1999: Achieving and Sustaining Business-IT alignment. California Management Review, 42(1): 109-122. Abate R, (2008) IT should be an enabler to business [Available online at] http://www.information-managem e nt.com/blogs/IT_business-10015571-1.html (Accessed 18 June 2014) Skriletz R (2013) How to make IT a business enabler [Available online at] http://www.b-eye-network.com/view/16788 (Accessed 18 June 2014) Moore J (2011) Make It part of your Business Strategy [Available online at ] http://www.cnbc.com/id/44818677 (Accessed 18 June 2014) Riley J, (2012) What is strategy [Available online at] http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm (Accessed 18 June 2014)

Celebrity Endorsement in India Essay

In India, celebrities are idolized as Gods and marketers have been trying their best to tap on this emotional connect of the people with the celebrities. Today, most of the popular brands are being endorsed by a famous personality either from entertainment industry or sports arena. Strategic brand positioning and effective communication are the keys to success in today’s market where many brands compete in the same category for the market share. Companies are employing their maximum might to promote their brands and occupy a long lasting image in the minds of the consumers. In India, television is the most popular and effective means of the mass communication. There are over three million television commercials being aired every year. However, 80 percent of them are forgotten by the people in a day or two. So, it is imperative for the marketers to ensure that their ad campaign stands out amongst the crowd (Suhalka, n.d.). Since advertising is a highly critical tool for luring customers to make purchases, Indian firms are investing millions of rupees on celebrity advertising (Khatri, 2006). Celebrity endorsements are also an easy option for Indian marketers because of the disparities of the Indian consumer base in terms of religion, ethinicity, value system and most importantly economic variations. Therefore, advertisers in India emphasis a lot on brand recall and customer persuasion for differentiating their ad campaigns from those of the counterparts. It is here that celebrity endorsement provides a tremendous boost (Surana, 2008). For instance, one of the strongest celebrity endorser is cricketer Sachin Tendulkar who is a youth icon and endorses many successful brands like, Pepsi, Boost, Aviva Life Insurance, TVS, Britannia Biscuits, Visa, Airtel etc. Like, Shahrukh Khan, Amitabh Bac hchan, Kareena Kapoor also have many brands in their kitties. Indians love their celebrities and blindly follow their suit. This has proved to be a boon for the marketers and celebrity endorsement is just getting better by the day. It has now become an indispensible part of the marketing communication strategy. It is a win ?win situation for both the celebrities and the brands. However, the consumers are ones who are least benefitted as they end up paying more for the products and services. References: †¢ Khatri, P., 2006. Celebrity Endorsement: A Strategic Promotion Perspective. Indian Media Studies Journal, 1(1).Pp. 25-37 †¢ Suhalka,G.n.d. Celebrity Endorsers and Endorsements in India- The Rise and the Impact [pdf] Available at: http://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/garima.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2012] †¢ Surana,R., 2008. The Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsement in India [pdf] Available at: http://edissertations.nottingham.ac.uk/2069/1/08MAlixrs13.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2012] Commentary | Theses | Dissertations | Journals & Articles | Proposals & Synopsis | Essays | Promotional Writing | Press Release Copyright  © 2005 – 2012 Project Guru India. All rights reserved. www.ProjectGuru.in

Descartes Meditations Essay - 2147 Words

Descartes Meditations In Descartes’ meditations, Descartes begins what Bernard Williams has called the project of ‘pure enquiry’ to discover an indubitable premise or foundation to base his knowledge on, by subjecting everything to a kind of scepticism now known as Cartesian doubt. This is known as foundationalism, where a philosopher basis all epistemological knowledge on an indubitable premise. Within meditation one Descartes subjects all of his beliefs regarding sensory data and even existence to the strongest and most hyperbolic of doubts. He invokes the notion of the all powerful, malign demon who could be deceiving him regarding sensory experience and even his understanding of the simplest mathematical and logical truths in†¦show more content†¦Human beings are capable of simultaneous thought, this is best illustrated when a person is dreaming as the person will be receiving sensory data from both the external world and from the dream therefore the human is thinking on more than one level at a time which could result in there being two existence’s. A further Cartesian response could be that the level of thought or the amount of thought is irrelevant, all that is important is that the thought is being generated by the one individual, therefore it is the one individual that exists. It is seemingly impossible to criticise the cogito argument as every time i t is presented to our mind we are forced to assent to it, it may be the case that this argument is infallible or at least indubitable, Descartes therefore has convincingly overcome his doubt of his own existence. Now that Descartes realised that he was a thinking being he focused his efforts on trying to prove the existence of God for this Descartes has two arguments based on a priori reasoning, the Ontological argument and the Trademark argument. Descartes first argument for the existence of God is known as the Trademark argument. 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Federal Law And The U.s. Constitution Essay - 836 Words

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When the framers of the United States Constitution collaborated to make the U.S governmental system they wanted to insure that there was a separation of powers to prevent tyranny, as a result of this state law and federal law was developed. There are many differences and similarities between federal law and state law. In general federal law has jurisdiction overRead MoreThe Supreme Court System Of T he United States1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthe U.S. Constitution, was framed a national system of government with 3 distinct branches: the judiciary, executive and legislative. The legislative branch makes the laws by statute. The judiciary interprets the law and the highest judiciary, the U.S. Supreme Court, is the preeminent and final elucidator of the law. The judiciary encompasses the federal court system, where the U.S. Supreme Court stands at the very top of the judiciary hierarchy. 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In common, all systems are multi-tiered; â€Å"predominantly hierarchical in structure (trial courts are first level, and appellate courts sit above them in successive or ascending tiers) (Banks and O Brien 132)†; and theyRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act895 Words   |  4 Pageshave the right to ignore federal laws that they do not want to follow,† have followers that disagree that states need more authority to avoid the federal government from commanding policies they go up against; the Tenth Amendment presents a c onstitutional foundation for affirming that power. Today, opponents dispute, that federal power has decreased to weak levels, threatening individual liberties and making state rights that much more vital as an necessary defense to federal misuse of power. OpponentsRead MoreA Discussion Of Constitutional Law And Its Relationship With Education1031 Words   |  5 PagesConstitutional Law and Its Relationship with Education Education is not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution, but instead, education is one of the powers reserved to the states. Power not specifically given to the federal government is reserved for the states through the Tenth Amendment of the Unites States Constitution. Therefore, states have plenary, or absolute, power in the area of education. While states may hold this reserved power, with regard to education the federal government

Dust Bowl Essay - 1233 Words

The Dust Bowl was a treacherous storm, which occurred in the 1930s, that affected the midwestern people, for example the farmers, and which taught us new technologies and methods of farming. As John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out. Carloads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place†¦show more content†¦But to the credit of the residents of the Dust Bowl, they shouldered their task and carried on. The people of the region made it because they knew how to take the everyday practical things, which had been used for years a nd adapt them to meet the crisis. Finding a way to make do or do differently was a way of life for the pioneers who had come to the region only a short time earlier. When they arrived there were no houses, wells, cars, telephones or fields. Times were hard when the land was settled, and the people knew how to live and grow in difficult periods. In 1934-1936 the actual Dust Bowl happened. This was when the massive and deadly storms hit the prosper and growing Midwest Panhandle. In 1936, a more severe storm spread out of the plains and across most of the nation. The drought years were followed with record breaking heavy rains, blizzards, tornadoes and floods. In September 1930, it rained over five inches in a very short time in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The flooding in Oklahoma was accompanied by a dirt storm, which damaged several small buildings and other farm structures. Later that year, the regions were hit again by a strong dirt storm from the southwest until the winds gave way to a blizzard from the north. After the blizzards in winter 1930-1931, the drought began. First the northern plains were hit by the dry spell, but by July the southern plains were in the drought. It was not until late September thatShow MoreRelatedThe Dust Bowl Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesOklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico—the Dust Bowl was a time where over 100 million acres of topsoil were stripped from fertile fields leaving nothing but barren lands and piles of dust everywhere (Ganzel). While things were done to alleviate the problem, one must question whether or not anyone has learned from this disaster. If not, one must look into the possibility that the United States may be struck by such a destructive drought as the Dust Bowl, if not a worse one that would leave us withRead MoreThe Dust Bowl Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl was the darkest moment in the twentieth-century life of the southern plains, (pg. 4) as described by Donald Worster in his book The Dust Bowl. It was a time of drought, famine, and poverty that existed in the 1930s. Its cause, as Worster presents in a very thorough manner, was a chain of events that was perpetuated by the basic capitalistic societys need for expansion and consumption. Considered by some as one of the worst ecological catastrophes in theRead More Dust Bowl Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesanswers.com, a dust bowl is a region reduced to aridity by drought and dust storms. The best-known dust bowl is doubtless the one that hit the United States between 1933 and 1939. One major cause of that Dust Bowl was severe droughts during the 1930’s. The other cause was capitalism. Over-farming and grazing in order to achieve high profits killed of much of the plain’s grassland and when winds approached, nothing was there to hold the devastated soil on the ground. The Dust Bowl affected the GreatRead MoreThe Dust Bowl and Agriculture Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pages One has not experienced the life of living in dirt until he has been in the dust bowl. It was a decade-long dust storm that impacted hundreds of farmers and their farmlands. Hardship was among one of the influences of the storm, which affected both farm workers and city folks. The storm also brought the elements of destruction and darkness, which reigned chaos across the Plains. Together, these issues gave the storm its popular name, â€Å"black blizzard† (Documentary, 2014). Such a name was given dueRead MoreWhat Caused The Dust Bowl? Essay2374 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Dust Bowl? One of America’s most beloved books is John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. The book portrays a family, the Joads, who leave Oklahoma and move to California in search of a more prosperous life. Steinbeck’s book garnered acclaim both from critics and from the American public. The story struck a chord with the American people because Steinbeck truly captured the angst and heartbreak of those directly impacted by the Dust Bowl disaster. To truly comprehend the havoc the Dust Bowl wreakedRead MoreThe Drought: Surviving the Dust Bowl Essay3415 Words   |  14 Pageswhile the door smacked the frame. Everywhere the eye looked there was dust, no green grass, no fields of wheat just dirt and dust as far as one could see. Inside the house the dust crept through the cracks, got on the furniture, dishes, in food, and on the beds. Even the very act of breathing was difficult as the dust violated the nose and lungs. It irritated the eyes and ears with no relief. There w as no escaping the dust, the wind—it was a constant state of dirt. A beautiful prairie in whichRead More John Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages The 1930’s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrote what he experienced through his travels with the migrantRead MoreDust Bowl Bt Donald Worster Essay764 Words   |  4 PagesDust Bowl: Donald Worster The 1930s are a decade marked by devastation; the nation was in an economic crisis, millions of people were going hungry, and jobless. America was going through some dark times. But if you were living in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas (or any of those surrounding states) you had bigger things on your mind than being denied the money in your bank account. From 1935-1939 Winds and dust storms had left a good portion of our country desolate; however our author takes a slightlyRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1930s were a decade of great change politically, economically, and socially. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl wore raw the nerves of the people, and our true strength was shown. From it arose John Steinbeck, a storyteller of the Okies and their hardships. His books, especially The Grapes of Wrath, are reflections of what really went on in the 1930s. John Steinbeck did not write about what he had previously read, he instead wrot e what he experienced through his travels with the migrantRead MoreEssay about The Dust Bowl in John Steinbeck ´s The Grapes of Wrath845 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s acclaimed novel, The Grapes of Wrath, embodies his generation’s horrific tragedy. John Steinbeck’s writing gives insight on the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl on thousands of families and those who helped them. While Steinbecks novel focuses on the Joads family journey, he also includes writing of the general struggle of many families at the time. In John Steinbecks novel, The Grapes of Wrath, the usage of the term â€Å"Okies† degrades the workers, while the personification

Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications? Answer: Introducation Data Encryption Standard (DES) ciphers was approved as one of the standard. It is identified that data encryption standard algorithm (DEA) is one of the network block cipher that mainly utilizes key length of 56 bit and 64 bit block size. DES cipher is one of the standards among various governments all around the world including the U.S government until it became possible to crack in less than 24 hours by utilizing brute force attacks (Hassan Bach, 2014). Therefore, DES is considered outdated as well as less secured. It is very much important to improve DES. In order to improve the problem, due to which DES is considered outdated, Triple Data Encryption Standard is created. The previous 64 bits keys of DES are now replaced with the help of 192 keys, which are three much as compared to DEA (Zahurul et al., 2016). This longer length of the key helps in providing proper defense against brute attack of force and despite of cracking it theoretically, it is not much practical to crack the entire TDES by utilizing appropriate modern technology. Thus, it is identified that a reputation of being secure helps in making it much more popular for financial transactions. On the other hand, generalized DES scheme is one of the variant of DES that is mainly designed in the intention of speeding the entire process of encryption while improving the security. It mainly helps in generalizing that Feistel network structure that is related with DES uses larger block sizes (Zhang et al., 2014). In each of the round, the DES round function is mainly applied to the rightmost block and therefore it is XORED with other parts. Then the entire block is rotated 32 bits to the right. The G-DES scheme mainly comprises of sub block that are mainly chained with the help of XORS. It mainly follows rotation to the right of the block for the next turn. Thus, it is identified that G-DES can helps in processing larger number of bits to the original number of calls to DES. It is identified that G-DES is very much robust variant as compared to DES and thus it increases the speed in context to encryption at the expense of security. Research security challenges for the two examples of WPAN technologies A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is one of the personal, short distance area networks that help in interconnecting devices that are generally centered on an individuals workplace. It is identified that the most common examples of WPAN technologies are Bluetooth and Zigbee. The security challenges for the two examples of WPAN technologies are provided below: Security challenges for Bluetooth: The security issues that are related with Bluetooth must be taken into serious consideration. The most significant risk that is present within the wireless technology is that the medium of underlying communication is open for everyone including intruders as well as authentic users (Misra et al., 2015). Therefore, the intruders can utilize the Bluetooth technology for getting access. It is identified that number of malicious entities generally gains unauthorized access with the help of wireless connections, bypassing any of the wireless protection. The malicious entities can be able to violate the legitimate privacy of the various users and can be able to track their activities (Sagstetter et al., 2013). If the attackers connect their headset with the help of mobile phone and hacks the frequency then they can be able to bug any individuals phone and as a result the person will face problem. The other type of security issues that are related with Blue tooth include denial of service attacks, eavesdropping as well as resource misappropriation. It is found that viruses as well as other malicious code can also corrupt data on the wireless device like Bluetooth when they are introduced to a wired network. Security challenges of Zigbee: There are number of security concerns that are related with Zigbee protocol. The first vulnerability that is related with Zigbee network is key distribution as various security keys are mainly transmitted either into the devices or over the air in a quite unsecure way (Barki et al., 2016). By utilizing high security level, the various network key that is encrypted as well as transmitted uses master key that is shared among different nodes. Thus, it creates entrusted relationship between various communication devices within the network. Another security weakness that is related with Zigbee model is that the forward requirement of security is not addressed appropriately. It is identified that in Zigbee enabled systems number of security vulnerabilities are identified (Lee et al., 2014). The main weaknesses in the security mechanism of Zigbee are directly derived from various limited resources, as majority of them are battery powered with little computing power as well as memory. Critical reflection on Energy Harvest I have identified that recently, the wireless sensor networks have attracted the attention of many due to the presence of pervasive nature and the capability of their deployment in various fields including cyber physical system, internet of things as well as in various emerging areas. It is analyzed by me that the limited energy association that is present within the WSNs creates major bottleneck within the technologies that are related with WSN. In order to overcome, the limitation, both the design as well as development, harvesting system related with WSN is utilized and it is found that the systems are very much efficient as well as high performing. The current state of the wireless network is mainly comprises of various energy harvesting nodes starting from performance limit of theoretic information to different transmission scheduling procedures. It is identified that various self-sustaining network related with harvesting wireless is considered as they mainly covers both the en ergy cooperation aspects and information transfer. I have found that number of potential models helps in reviewing the consumption of nodes within the energy harvesting at various network scales. A comprehensive taxonomy of different sources of energy harvesting is utilized generally with the help of WSNs. In order to maximize the capacity of energy harvesting within WSN, various energy prediction models are required. I have analyzed that the widespread utilization of various wireless sensors as well as the management of energy resources are researched. Wireless sensors mainly utilize batteries for supplying power but in some of the application, it is identified by me that the replacement of battery can become cumbersome and it mainly requires lot of time. Both this factor can hamper or affect the entire monitoring of the procedure. It is very much important to harvest the energy from various sources in nature for wireless sensors. Alternative sources of energy can be utilized for addressing the feasibility of the various wireless networks as well as wireless sensor. Finally, I have found that energy harvesting deals with number of challenges that needs to be resolved as soon as possible. This help in enhancing as well as developing cost-effectiveness, reliability, efficiency as well as energy harvesting for WSN environment. References Barki, A., Bouabdallah, A., Gharout, S., Traor, J. (2016). M2M security: Challenges and solutions.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,18(2), 1241-1254. Hassan, A., Bach, C. (2014, April). WiMAX Basics From Deployments to PHY Improvements. ASEE. Lee, C., Zappaterra, L., Choi, K., Choi, H. A. (2014, October). Securing smart home: Technologies, security challenges, and security requirements. InCommunications and Network Security (CNS), 2014 IEEE Conference on(pp. 67-72). IEEE. Lu, X., Wang, P., Niyato, D., Hossain, E. (2014). Dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks with RF energy harvesting.IEEE Wireless Communications,21(3), 102-110. Misra, P., Raza, S., Rajaraman, V., Warrior, J., Voigt, T. (2015). Security challenges in indoor location sensing using bluetooth LE broadcast.ewsn 2015, 11. Rodriguez, A. N., Cruz, F. R. G., Ramos, R. Z. (2015). Design of 900 Mhz AC to DC converter using native Cmos device of TSMC 0.18 micron technology for RF energy harvest application.Univers J Electr Electron Eng,3(7). Sagstetter, F., Lukasiewycz, M., Steinhorst, S., Wolf, M., Bouard, A., Harris, W. R., ... Chakraborty, S. (2013, March). Security challenges in automotive hardware/software architecture design. InProceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe(pp. 458-463). EDA Consortium. Shaikh, Faisal Karim, and Sherali Zeadally. "Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (2016): 1041-1054. Ulukus, Sennur, et al. "Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33.3 (2015): 360-381. Zahurul, S., Mariun, N., Grozescu, I. V., Tsuyoshi, H., Mitani, Y., Othman, M. L., ... Abidin, I. Z. (2016). Future strategic plan analysis for integrating distributed renewable generation to smart grid through wireless sensor network: Malaysia prospect.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, 978-992. Zhang, L., Afanasyev, A., Burke, J., Jacobson, V., Crowley, P., Papadopoulos, C., ... Zhang, B. (2014). Named data networking.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,44(3), 66-73.